Agenda 7 for 10/24/01

Courses Wayne State University College of Lifelong Learning Interdisciplinary Studies Program Changing Life on Earth, GST 2020, 4 cr Section 981 (face-to-face Wednesdays 6:00 - 8:30 PM in 222 Cohn on campus) and Section 990 (online) Health Concepts and Strategies, GST 2010, 3 cr Section 981 (face-to-face, Wednesdays 8:40 - 10 PM in 222 Cohn on campus) and Section 990 (online) Health Concepts and Strategies for Elder Care, GST 1990 Section 981 (2 credits) and Section 982 (4 credits)	Instructor
	David R. Bowen 2311 A/AB Wayne State University Detroit, MI 48202 Schedule (link not working yet)	Daytime tel: (313) 577-1498 Evening tel: (248) 549-8518 At Ford: 313-390-2155 FAX: (313) 577-8585 Home Page: http://www.cll.wayne.edu/isp/drbowen Email: d.r.bowen@wayne.edu

Health - GST 2010	Genetics theme GST2020 Evolution theme GST 2020	Back to course welcome page
		Policies, Assignments, Course Meetings	Online Tools	Information about the class and participants	Lectures and further information from other sources	General information

Last updated: 10/24/01

Agenda 7
Wednesday October 24
Health Concepts and Strategies, GST 2010
Changing Life on Earth, GST 2020
Attached Directed Study, GST 1990

Announcements

Handouts:
1. Agenda 7 for Wednesday October 24
2. GST 2020 only: Supplement for Agenda 7
GST 2020: Midterm put off until Wednesday November 7 to allow parents with young children to participate in Halloween. The face-to-face review for the midterm has not been moved; it is still October 24.
Tutoring available through ISP, Fall 2001 semester
1. Writing and basic computer skills: contact the tutor, Ms. Lakeshia Murray, directly at 313-345-5541 (Home) or 313-283-7411 (Cell phone)
2. Math: contact Prof Andre Furtado at 313-577-5886 or (Media Lab) 313-577-9903 or by email a.furtado@wayne.edu or awfsmd@aol.com
3. Frank Koscielski is trying to arrange for a computer skills tutor.
Present and past assignments:
1. GST 2010 Personal Health Project brief description was due October 3, but get it in when you can. Please note: the Personal Health Project is supposed to apply the course to you, personally. Suggested topics are in the Syllabus.
2. GST 1990 Report 1 (short descriptive paragraph of project) was due October 3
3. GST 1990 choice for the second book, or for alternative resources (see syllabus) is due today, October 10.
4. GST 2010 Essay 1 was due last class, October 10. The essay form and grading standards are in the GST 2010 syllabus, and the choice of topics (answer one only) is on a separate web page on the course web site.
5. Your choice of the optional chapters in the text was due last class: tell me about your two choices:
  1. One of Chapters 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 (FULL) / Chapters Chapters 4, 5 or 6 (BRIEF)
  2. One of chapters 9, 10 or 11 (FULL) / Chapters 7 or 8 (BRIEF)
6. GST 2020 Quiz 1 was given at the last class, October 10. Contact me if you need or want a makeup.
Upcoming assignments:
1. GST 2010
  1. This week, Personal Health Project Report 1 (see syllabus for details)
  2. Essay 2 due on November 7. Choose one of the essay topics below:
    1. Based on the course readings so far, and your own experience and knowledge, take a position (pro, con, or variation) on the statement that, "Becoming healthy is not a single event, but a continuing process."
    2. Some areas of health are fairly simple, while other areas can require a complex balancing act between competing needs. Describe at least one area of each type. (NOTE: you must still manage to write a single, unified essay, so figure out a way to incorporate both within a single theme, which could simply be that some areas are simpler while other areas are more complicated).
    3. Describe how nutritional needs must be balanced, sometimes working together, but sometimes working against each other. Why is it important to build a diet around foods that you like? In terms of becoming healthy, why is it better to enjoy a variety of foods rather than have just a few foods that you like?
    4. Describe how diet, exercise and weight control are interrelated.
    5. Describe how the sequence of topics in the course so far makes sense for someone who wants to improve his/her health. HINT: As I look at the sequence (feel free to agree or disagree), it is
      1. Making personal choices and changes
      2. Psychological health (I think the authors made a good choice in introducing Maslow's hierarchy of needs at this early point)
      3. Sexuality and relationships
      4. Controlling the harm you can do to your body through the use of substances (drugs, alcohol and tobacco)
      5. Doing something good for your body (diet, exercise and weight control)
2. GST 2020: Midterm on 10/31 (two weeks), will be cumulative. See the additional questions in this Agenda.
3. GST 1990: Outline is due on 10/31.
I will be setting up an online class photo album. I took pictures in the last class, October 17. Participation (having your photo online) is NOT a requirement of these courses. Online students for whom I do not have an earlier picture, if they want to be represented, should make other arrangements with me. If you already have an electronic photo of yourself that you want me to use, you can email it to me.

GST 2010, Health Concepts and Strategies (repeat). During the class on 9/26, we discovered that the WSU Bookstore had stocked the "Full", not the "Brief" edition of the textbook. This will mean that reading assignments will be changed. (If by some chance you got the "Brief" edition - it says "BRIEF on the right-hand side of the cover near the top, follow the original reading schedule.) I don't yet have all of the information, and I will add the reading schedule for the "Full" edition to the online Syllabus later, but here are changes for the next few weeks:

Week	Class	Date	GST 2010 Reading
5	4	10/3	Chapter 3, Psychological Health
6	5	10/10	One of Chapter 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 (your choice)
7	6	10/17	One of Chapter 9, 10, or 11 (your choice)
8	7	10/24	Chapter 12, Nutrition Basics
9	8	10/31	Chapter 13, Exercise for Health and Fitness
10	9	11/7	Chapter 14, Weight Management

GST 2020.
1. The third textbook, Diversity of Life, in the Starr-Taggert series, is in at the WSU Barnes and Noble campus bookstore. The bookstore manager said they are already starting to return unbought copies, but that this would be one of the later ones returned. Buy this within the next week or two, or risk having to find it elsewhere. Those of you that have tried know that this type of textbook is difficult to buy through regular commercial channels. Telephone: 313-577-2436. Hours: Mon & Tue: 9 - 6:30 / Wed & Thu: 9 - 6 / Fri: 9 - 5 / Sat: 11 - 3. Make sure that you have all three textbooks before they get sent back!
2. Will the online students want a review session for the Midterm? I could do something the Friday before, 10/26, perhaps in 113 Rackham.
GST 1990: In The Practical Guide to Aging, you do not need to read "Managing Medicine"after section "Do Not Share Medicines!"but do read "Conclusion."

GST 2020, Changing Life on Earth. We will review Chapters 7, 8 and 9 in Cell Biology and Genetics, and 10 if we have time. This ends Unit I on Principles of Cellular Life and starts Unit II on inheritance.

Unit 2 - Principles of Inheritance, Chapter 9 - Cell Division and Mitosis
1. Start as one fertilized ovum, human adult has 65 trillion cells, divide to replace dead cells - replace small intestine lining every five days
2. Bottom line - parent cells must provide daughter cells with instructions for cell and enough metabolic machinery to start up
3. Mitosis - body cell to body cell (somatic cells)
4. Meiosis - body cell to gamete (germ or sex cells)
5. Mitosis
  1. DNA in chromosomes
  2. In preparation for mitosis, duplicates into sister chromatids, joined at centromere unique to each chromosome
  3. Chromosome number unique to species, humans 46, diploid - 2n pairs each member of pair with the same genes
  4. Cell cycle:
    1. Interphase, normal growth
    2. Interphase, chromosome duplication
    3. Interphase, preparation for division
    4. Mitosis, nuclear division first then cytoplasmic
  5. Usually repeats at about the same rate for all cells of a given type, different for each type
    1. nerve cells arrest at interphase, do not divide (but new results this year)
    2. red blood cells replace 2 to 3 million per second
  6. Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite halves
  7. Nucleus breaks up into vesicles, reassemble around separated chromosomes
  8. Cytoplasm divides at the same time, process depends upon type of cell
    1. Plant cells new wall plate forms down middle
    2. Animal cells, cytoplasm pinches in two
  9. Many diseases arise from errors in this process
    1. Controls over division, can be diseases - cancer is uncontrolled division
    2. Interphase: Linear DNA very long, has special attached proteins to coil it, keep it untangled
    3. Microtubules are the engines of mitosis, target of poisons
6. Vocabulary:
  1. Allele
  2. Chromosome
  3. Clone
  4. Crossing Over
  5. Diploid / Haploid
  6. Gene
  7. Homologue
  8. Meiosis
  9. Mitosis
  10. Mutation
Chapter 10 - Meiosis
1. Mitosis is asexual reproduction - each offspring like its parent, except for mutations, gets same genes - just division. Also used for normal body (somatic) growth even in organisms with sexual reproduction
2. Sexual reproduction involves meiosis, gamete formation and fertilization
3. Genetic material is DNA, arranged in large chromosomes. Genes are at specific locations in the chromosomes. Gene for eye color, dimple/no dimple, etc. Each gene has two or more alleles - forms, e.g. blue or brown eyes, dimple or no dimple, curl tongue or not. Many characteristics (height, for example, controlled by several to many genes)
4. Meiosis only in germ cells - sex cells, sperm and ova
5. Variation and mixing are the foundation for evolution
6. Chromosomes come in pairs, one from each parent - each one is a homologue
  1. Each one duplicates, copy remains bonded as sister chromatids
  2. Homologues lie parallel, can have crossovers, exchange genes that way (crossovers for sister chromatids do not matter since the genes are the same)
  3. Separation into two cells, sister chromatids still bonded, random maternal and paternal homologues in each of the two cells - many variations are possible
  4. Second cell division with sister chromatids splitting, four cells with half the number of chromosomes. No mix-ups here - sister chromatids are identical
7. Sperm cell: all four become viable
8. Ova: one of four is viable, has enough cytoplasm to start life
9. At fertilization, recombine haploid to get back to diploid by merging. One chromosome from each parent.
10. Mitosis only produces clones - identical copies (except for mutations)
11. Meiosis produces new combinations: (i) crossing over, (ii) random selection of maternal or paternal chromosomes, and (iii) sexual recombination at fertilization
12. Vocabulary:
  1. Dominant (A) / Recessive (a)
  2. Genotype
  3. Heterozygous (Aa) / Homozygous dominant (AA) / Homozygous recessive (aa)
  4. Hybrid
  5. Phenotype
  6. True-breeding
Chapter 11 - Observable Patterns of Inheritance
1. There are traits controlled by a single gene:
  1. Hanging earlobes or attached (dominant gene causes cells at joint to die during fetal development)
  2. Flat feet (recessive)
  3. Straight nose (recessive)
  4. Curling tongue
2. Early in history of human study of genetics (1800s), concern about why traits did not blend - white cat mated with black cat produces gray? All differences would blend out
  1. This was the accepted theory even though it could not explain the facts. At the time, this was the only conceivable theory.
  2. Darwin was a dissident, believed that advantageous inherited traits could be passed on
  3. Gregor Mendel, monk, tracked inheritance in pea plants, had also studied math, physics, botany.
    1. He worked with pea plants that were self-fertilizing and bred true, then forced to cross-breed
    2. Ratios led him to hypothesize chance mixing as in Punnett Squares - Law of Independent Assortment
3. Incomplete dominance is also found - red and white snapdragons can make pink
4. Can also be more than one allele per gene - for example, ABO blood - leads to codominance
5. One gene can act on two traits - pleiotropy
6. Multiple genes can act on the same trait - this is the case for most traits
Chapter 12 - The Chromosomal Basis for Inheritance
1. Independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis leads to independent assortment of genes
2. For humans, XX = female, XY = male. Some other species are different. Hemophilia and traits on the X chromosome are sex-linked, since the Y chromosome only has very few genes. Other chromosomes are really pairs (autosomes)
3. Linked genes - on the same chromosome. Can be redistributed through crossing over. At least one crossing over is necessary for meiosis. Frequency of crossing over is higher for genes that are far apart on a chromosome, can help in mapping genes.
4. Many types of botched chromosome divisions, many cause impairment or are lethal
5. We are learning much more, have ethical choices coming up. Counseling, prenatal diagnosis, choosing genes, aborting unwanted fetuses, in vitro fertilization, surrogate motherhood
Chapter 13 - DNA Structure and Function
1. Early thoughts (1850 on) were that only proteins had the necessary diversity to carry genetic information. By the 1950's it was clear that instead, DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) carried genetic information.
2. DNA is a chain of nucleotides or nucleic acids, just as proteins are chains of amino acids and carbohydrates are chains of sugars. There are four nucleotides:
  1. adenine, symbolized A
  2. guanine, symbolized G
  3. thymine, symbolized T
  4. cytosine, symbolized C
  The structure of DNA is a double helix (twist) with a backbone of sugars and phosphates. The nucleotides extend in between the backbones and hold them together. Because of compensating lengths, A and T pair on opposite backbone sites, and C and G also pair. This is called "base pairing." But one chain can contain all four of the nucleotides, in any order.
3. This structure is used when chromosomes duplicate. The DNA "unzips" and each strand is replicated by base pairing.
4. Vocabulary
  1. DNA
  2. Double helix
  3. Base pairing

Chapter 14 - From DNA to Proteins

This chapter describes what happens when proteins are made ("synthesized")during "normal" cellular life, not during cell division of any kind.

DNA - the chromosomes - stays in the nucleus. A similar single-stranded molecule, RNA (ribonucleic acid), carries the genetic information to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where the proteins are assembled. Base pairing is used again, except that uracil (U) pairs with A (adenine), instead of T (thymine). The protein synthesis sequence is:

In the cell nucleus, DNA (chromosome) is "transcribed" into RNA, which travels from the nucleus out to the cytoplasm.

With the assistance of other types of RNA and the ribosome, the genetic sequence is "translated" into an amino acid sequence using the genetic code. Each three nucleotides is a "codon" that specifies an amino acid. See the genetic code table below, or Figure 14.11 on page 230 of the text.

**Summary**
	transcription (in nucleus)		translation (in cytoplasm, on ribosome)
DNA	===>	RNA	===>	Protein

Mutations happen at all steps in this process, at known and predictable rates. The number of mutations can therefore be used to measure the amount of time that has passed since a particular gene was "fixed." This is an important method in determining when genetic changes occurred, and in what order. Given the speed at which all of this is happening, the low rate of errors is amazing. The simplest mutations are "point mutations" in which a base gets changed. It is estimated that each human has five to ten important mutations.
1. RNA mutations do not have a lasting effect; only DNA mutations do.
2. Since some codons are repeated, some mutations have no effect on the resulting protein. For example, in the case of a DNA point mutation G-C-T ==> G-C-C, the RNA change is C-G-A ==> C-G-G and the amino acid is arg (arginine) anyway (no change), so there is no change in the protein due to this mutation. These are called "silent mutations."
3. Mutations are most likely to happen during cell division, when the DNA is momentarily unpaired, most often in quickly growing areas. For this reason, children especially are supposed to be protected from causes of mutation, such as radiation and carcinogens (substances that cause cancer).
Vocabulary
1. codon
2. RNA
3. transcription
4. translation
5. mutation

More possible quiz/exam questions:

What are "metabolic pathways?" Give two examples of metabolic pathways, and two other examples of how metabolic pathways can change with circumstances, circumstances such as the supply of nutrients.
Vocabulary questions, such as "briefly define or describe the following terms:" followed by a list. There will be additional vocabulary to come in later chapters.

Punnett square questions such as: given parent genotypes Aa and Aa, fill in the Punnett Square below, and list the possible genotypes for the offspring and their phenotypes.

Describe the difference between mitosis and meiosis. In organisms that reproduce asexually, when does each one occur, and what does this imply about the "family tree" of such organisms? In organisms that reproduce sexually, when does each one occur, and what does this imply about the "family tree" of such organisms?
Describe the Law of Independent Assortment. Describe the exceptions to the law. Give some specific examples of the action of the Law and of the exceptions to it.
Describe the structure of DNA and the role played by this structure during cell division.
Describe the process by which proteins are made starting from the genetic code in the DNA.Based on this process, define:
1. What is a chromosome?
2. What is a gene?

Given the nucleotide sequence for one chain of DNA,

Write the nucleotide sequence for the other chain
Write the nucleotide sequence for mRNA
Given the genetic code, write the amino acid sequence for the protein

Example: Complete a, b and c above for the DNA sequence A-G-T-C-T-G-A-T-T

**The Genetic Code**
FIRST BASE	SECOND BASE OF A CODON				THIRD BASE
FIRST BASE	U	C	A	G	THIRD BASE
U	phe	ser	tyr	cys	U
	phe	ser	tyr	cys	C
	leu	ser	STOP	STOP	A
	leu	ser	STOP	try	G
C	leu	pro	his	arg	U
	leu	pro	his	arg	C
	leu	pro	glu	arg	A
	leu	pro	glu	arg	G
A	iso	thr	asp	ser	U
	iso	thr	asp	ser	C
	iso	thr	lys	arg	A
	met / START	thr	lys	arg	G
G	val	ala	asp	gly	U
	val	ala	asp	gly	C
	val	ala	glu	gly	A
	val	ala	glu	gly	G

GST 1990
1. Choices for topics
2. Choices for books / articles
GST 2010, Health Concepts and Strategies. We will review the reading assignment, which is Chapter 12, Nutrition Basics (FULL). See the essay questions for Essay 2 earlier in this Agenda.
1. Humans require (bulk) protein, fats, carbohydrates and water, and (trace) vitamins and minerals - 45 requirements in all - we need these but cannot make them.
2. Units
  1. Calorie. The unit of food energy. Technically, this is the kilocalorie, the amount of energy needed to heat 1 liter by 1�C, or about the amount to heat one pint of water 1�F. Typical people should average somewhere about 2000 calories per day, ranging from 1500 calories per day for very small inactive people to maybe 3500 calories per day or more for very large, active people, such as NFL defensemen, during the season. One-half cup of low-fat cottage cheese or low-fat ice cream contains about 100 calories.
  2. Gram. A metric unit of mass or quantity of matter or "stuff." There are about 454 grams in a pound, or 28.4 in an ounce. For diet purposes, food amounts are often given in grams.
3. Food energy. Humans require about 2000 calories per day. Food energy comes in proteins (4 calories/gram), fats (9 calories/gram) and carbohydrates (4 calories/gram), also alcohol (7 calories per gram). 2000 calories is about 1 lb of protein or carbohydrates, or � pound of fat or alcohol BUT there are many more requirements for "eating healthy."
4. Proteins. We need proteins for the amino acids in them, which we use to make other proteins.
  1. 20 are essential, 11 of these we can make, and the other 9 we need to get in our food
  2. Complete proteins supply all requirements: milk, cheese, meat, fish, poultry, eggs, soy
  3. Incomplete proteins need to be balanced: for example, legumes and nuts - balanced over one day
  4. Excess protein over what is needed to make proteins is used for energy or stored as fat
  5. Meats often have fat as well
  6. Recommendation is to have about 10% of calories from proteins.
5. Fats or lipids.
  1. We need these for energy, insulation, cushioning. Two are needed for regulation of body processes.
  2. Fats are related to cholesterol or lipoproteins, combinations of fat and protein.
    1. Low density lipoproteins or LDL or "bad cholesterol" increases the risk of cardiovascular problems. Associated with plaque in the arteries.
    2. High density lipoproteins or HDL or "good cholesterol" decreases the risk of cardiovascular problems. Cleans out plaque in the arteries.
  3. Types:
    1. Saturated. Generally animal in origin, solids at room temperature. The largest portion of fat in the diet of a typical American. Raise LDL.
    2. Unsaturated. Generally vegetable in origin, liquids at room temperature unless they are hydrogenated to solidify them.
      1. Monounsaturated. Lower LDL and may raise HDL.
      2. Polyunsaturated. Lower LDL. Omega-3 fatty acids from fish may help protect against some types of cancer, also reduce blood pressure and have other healthy effects.
      3. Trans fatty acids. Produced in some cases by hydrogenation of unsaturated fats. Raise LDL and decrease HDL.
  4. Actual requirement is 1 tablespoon or 15 grams per day. American diets typically contain much more fat than this. Recommendation to limit fat calories to about 30% of daily food calories.
6. Carbohydrates ("Carbs"). These are chains of sugar molecules.
  1. Two types:
    1. Simple - one or two sugar molecules per carbohydrate molecule. Used for sweetening. Examples are glucose, sucrose and fructose.
    2. Complex - more than two sugar molecules per carbohydrate molecule. Typically starches and grains.
  2. Digested by breaking chains down into simple sugars and either reassembling for structural carbohydrates or consuming them as energy.
  3. Need 50 to 100 grams per day, but recommendation is that about 60% of food calories should be from carbohydrates.
  4. Also make up fiber, not turned into energy but required for good health.
7. Vitamins. Organic (complex molecules containing carbon). Required in small amounts for regulation of internal processes, not for energy. Very specific effects, diseases result from undersupply (or oversupply).
8. Minerals. Non-organic (not containing carbon). Needed in small amounts (major is 1/10 gram per day, "trace" is much smaller amounts). 17 are essential, notably calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and chloride. Important trace minerals include copper, flouride, iodide, iron, selenium and zinc. Most common American mineral deficiencies are iron, calcium, zinc and magnesium. specific diseases are associated with shortages. Women especially are at risk for osteoporosis (weak porous bones) in the case of calcium deficiency.
  1. Too much salt (NaCl, contains Na sodium) raises blood pressure.
9. Water. What we are mostly, by weight or by mass. Necessary for all processes. Lost during metabolism (digestion), must be made up in the amount of 1 liter (quart) per 1,000 calories.
10. Many other substances in food are not necessary but affect health.
  1. Antioxidants in foods can combat free radicals, which are generated by metabolism an other sources. free radicals are highly reactive and can damage the body.
  2. Phytochemicals, the parent chemical for antioxidants, may have a variety of beneficial effects, such as possibly reducing cholesterol, for which studies are just emerging. Found in fruits, vegetables and grains.
11. Your diet must balance all of these needs, which are sometimes at odds with each other.
  1. Dietary supplements. Some groups should take specific supplements, in consultation with a doctor.
    1. Women who may become pregnant - 400 micrograms of folic acid per day in normal diet or as a supplement
    2. People over 50 absorb vitamin B-12 poorly, so should get extra in fortified foods or supplements.
    Others should consult a doctor before taking dietary supplements.
  2. Food pyramid, Pg 329 figure 12-4.
    1. Carbohydrates are the base, should make up most of your food.
    2. Vegetables and fruits are next (need each, don't treat them as a combined group)
    3. Dairy protein and other protein such as meat are next (need each, don't treat them as a combined group)
    4. Lowest amount - peak of pyramid, is fats and sweets
  3. Find healthy foods that you enjoy, try to limit fats and sweets, avoid crash diets, avoid fad diets just to lose weight - there is more to diet than weight, alcohol in moderation.
    1. Artificial fats and sweets can help. Improving rapidly.
12. Alternative diets: vegetarians. Generally avoids all meat and dairy. Low in fat, cholesterol. Many motivations; health, environment, concern for animals, religious or ethical motivation. Also other varieties of vegetarians (lacto-ovo vegetarians, vegans).
13. You may have special health concerns about your diet
  1. Women have smaller caloric requirements, have more balancing to do to fit in all nutrients
  2. Men generally eat to much red meat and fat
  3. Young people may eat too much sugar in pop, and may not get enough variety
14. Read nutrition labels (page 342), know what health claims for food mean
  1. Dietary supplements are unregulated, manufacturers can say whatever they want, amount of additive may not be present, or there may be more than advertised
15. Avoid food-borne diseases
16. (David - it's overwhelming. Work in stages, one goal at a time. Keep at it, set realistic goals and reward yourself for meeting them.)