Courses
Wayne State University
College of Lifelong Learning
Interdisciplinary Studies Program
Bullet1.gif (242 bytes)Changing Life on Earth, GST 2020, 4 cr
    Section 981 (face-to-face Wednesdays 6:00 - 8:30 PM in
    222 Cohn on campus) and Section 990 (online)
Bullet1.gif (242 bytes)Health Concepts and Strategies, GST 2010, 3 cr
    Section 981 (face-to-face, Wednesdays 8:40 - 10 PM in 222
    Cohn on campus) and Section 990 (online)
Bullet1.gif (242 bytes)Health Concepts and Strategies for Elder Care, GST 1990
   Section 981 (2 credits) and Section 982 (4 credits)


                         Instructor
David R. Bowen
2311 A/AB
Wayne State University
Detroit, MI 48202
Schedule (link not working yet)		 Daytime tel: (313) 577-1498
Evening tel: (248) 549-8518
At Ford: 313-390-2155
FAX: (313) 577-8585
Home Page:
    http://www.cll.wayne.edu/isp/drbowen
Email: d.r.bowen@wayne.edu
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Health - GST 2010		 DoubleH.gif (1069 bytes)
Genetics theme GST2020
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Evolution theme
GST 2020		 Back to course welcome page
Policies, Assignments, Course Meetings Online Tools Information about the class and participants Lectures and further information from other sources General information

Last updated: 10/17/01

Agenda 6
Wednesday October 17
Health Concepts and Strategies, GST 2010
Changing Life on Earth, GST 2020
Attached Directed Study, GST 1990

  1. Announcements
    1. Handouts:
      1. Agenda 6 for Wednesday October 17
    2. Tutoring available through ISP, Fall 2001 semester
      1. Writing and basic computer skills: contact the tutor, Ms. Lakeshia Murray, directly at 313-345-5541 (Home) or 313-283-7411 (Cell phone)
      2. Math: contact Prof Andre Furtado at 313-577-5886 or (Media Lab) 313-577-9903 or by email a.furtado@wayne.edu or awfsmd@aol.com
      3. Frank Koscielski is trying to arrange for a computer skills tutor.
    3. Present and past assignments:
      1. GST 2010 Personal Health Project brief description was due October 3, but get it in when you can. Please note: the Personal Health Project is supposed to apply the course to you, personally. Suggested topics are in the Syllabus.
      2. GST 1990 Report 1 (short descriptive paragraph of project) was due October 3
      3. GST 1990 choice for the second book, or for alternative resources (see syllabus) is due today, October 10.
      4. GST 2010 Essay 1 was due last class, October 10. The essay form and grading standards are in the GST 2010 syllabus, and the choice of topics (answer one only) is on a separate web page on the course web site.
      5. GST 2020 Quiz 1 was given at the last class, October 10. See below about a makeup.
    4. Upcoming assignments:
      1. GST 2010
        1. By this week, October 17, let me know of your choices among the chapters (4, 5, 6, 7 or 8; and 9, 10, or 11)
        2. In one week, October 24, Personal Health Project Report 1 (see syllabus for details)
      2. GST 2020: Midterm on 10/31 (two weeks), will be cumulative. Watch for additional questions.
      3. GST 1990: Outline is due on 10/31.
    5. I brought a digital camera to class to take pictures for an online class photo album. I will also bring it for a couple of weeks after that. Having your picture in the online photo gallery is not a requirement of the course, but it is fun for most people. Online students for whom I do not have an earlier picture, if they want to be represented, should make other arrangements with me. If you already have an electronic photo of yourself that you want me to use, you can email it to me.
    6. GST 2010, Health Concepts and Strategies (repeat). During the class on 9/26, we discovered that the WSU Bookstore had stocked the "Full", not the "Brief" edition of the textbook. This will mean that reading assignments will be changed. (If by some chance you got the "Brief" edition - it says "BRIEF on the right-hand side of the cover near the top, follow the original reading schedule.) I don't yet have all of the information, and I will add the reading schedule for the "Full" edition to the online Syllabus later, but here are changes for the next few weeks:
      Week Class Date GST 2010 Reading
      5 4 10/3 Chapter 3, Psychological Health
      6 5 10/10 One of Chapter 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 (your choice)
      7 6 10/17 One of Chapter 9, 10, or 11 (your choice)
      8 7 10/24 Chapter 12, Nutrition Basics
      9 8 10/31 Chapter 13, Exercise for Health and Fitness
      10 9 11/7 Chapter 14, Weight Management
    7. GST 2020.
      1. The third textbook, Diversity of Life, in the Starr-Taggert series, is in at the WSU Barnes and Noble campus bookstore. The bookstore manager said they are already starting to return unbought copies, but that this would be one of the later ones returned. Buy this within the next week or two, or risk having to find it elsewhere. Those of you that have tried know that this type of textbook is difficult to buy through regular commercial channels. Telephone: 313-577-2436. Hours: Mon & Tue: 9 - 6:30 / Wed & Thu: 9 - 6 / Fri: 9 - 5 / Sat: 11 - 3. 
      2. Online students and Quiz 1: Most of you have taken quiz 1. For those who have not, we will need to have a makeup. Do you want a face-to-face review session? Call or email and ask.
      3. Will the online students want a review session for the Midterm? I could do something the Friday before, 10/26, perhaps in 113 Rackham. Or there is the class next week, Wednesday 10/24, where we will be doing a review.
      4. The 2001 Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology was announced Monday morning 10/8. The prize (approximately $950,000 this year, but the honor is immeasurable) will be split between three researchers (two English and one American) who clarified cell division and the genes that control it. One discovered cyclin, the protein which "choreographs" the whole process. Cyclin molecules are only made at the time of cell division, and they disappear afterwards until the next division cycle.
      5. I just "heard a book" (on tape, while exercising) about human civilization on Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean. this is a story about how humans can destroy an ecosystem and thereby their own civilization. By somewhere around 1500 there were about 9,000 humans on this Island. From there until the first contact with western civilization in 1722, there is evidence that the native population had cut down all of the large trees, leading to widespread soil erosion and a collapse of the island ecosystem and food chain, leading to most of the population dying off. There is even some evidence of cannibalism at the end. Read more on the NOVA web site for their show, "Secrets of Easter Island", is http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/easter/.
      6. There are now upwards of 6 billion human beings on earth, and we control (through agriculture) about 40% of the energy that goes into photosynthesis. Growth trends in total global human population have fallen sharply in recent years, and it looks as if this will settle down at maybe 9 to 10 billion, at which point, with no changes, we would control about 60% of the energy. Maybe we had better be very clear about what how our ecosystem works, lest we end up like the Easter Islanders!
    8. GST 1990.
      1. In The Practical Guide to Aging, you do not need to read "Managing Medicine"after section "Do Not Share Medicines!"but do read "Conclusion."
  2. GST 2020, Changing Life on Earth. We will review Chapters 7, 8 and 9 in Cell Biology and Genetics, and 10 if we have time. This ends Unit I on Principles of Cellular Life and starts Unit II on inheritance.
    1. Chapter 7 - How Cells Acquire Energy Chloroplasts - first makes ATP in light-dependent reaction, then uses ATP to make glucose in light-independent reaction - almost always goes on to form starch, cellulose or sucrose
      1. Less than 1% of sun's energy reaching Earth goes into photosynthesis, approximately 50% efficient
      2. Chloroplasts appear green because they absorb other colors - other molecules absorb other colors also
      3. Light-dependent reactions have two stages to free electrons and split water into hydrogen and oxygen - evolved in two stages also
        1. May have evolved under water in early dangerous atmosphere - high UV levels
        2. ATP made in first stage
      4. Plants release oxygen during photosynthesis - accumulated in early atmosphere, which was originally oxygen-free, allowed animal evolution
        1. 6CO2 from atmosphere + 12 H2O ==> 6O2 + C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6H2O
        2. Many of mechanisms described earlier - enzymes, membranes, osmosis - are used here
        3. During daylight, glucose ==> sucrose (easily transported) and starch (most common storage form)
        4. After daylight, starch ==> sucrose for energy and structure
          1. In hotter climates, pores (stomata) close to conserve water, cannot get CO2, slightly different process
          2. Rise in CO2 may shift balance
          3. Desert plants keep stomata closed during the day to conserve water, open stomata at night to fix CO2 for photosynthesis the next day. Can also keep going during drought with stomata closed at night by repeatedly fixing the same carbon, very low level of metabolism, very slow growth
        5. Vast numbers of single-celled plants in ocean, "bloom" in spring, soak up half of our excess CO2
        6. Also chemoautotrophs that use metals and other materials for energy while making glucose and influence chemical cycles
    2. Chapter 8 - How Cells Release Stored Energy
      1. Plants use ATP to produce glucose, then use glucose to produce ATP
      2. Can also break down fats and proteins to produce ATP
      3. Anaerobic (without oxygen, evolved earlier):
        1. in cytoplasm
        2. about two ATP per glucose molecule
      4. Aerobic (with oxygen, evolved later, after oxygen built up from earlier life)
        1. about 36 ATP per glucose - varies with cellular conditions
        2. Occurs in mitochondria
        3. Has the intensity to support high-energy life
        4. About 40% efficient
          1. "Front end" produces 2 net ATP
          2. Krebs cycle intermediate
          3. "Back end" produces 34 ATP
      5. Anaerobic has two metabolic pathways
        1. Fermentation
          1. Shares same front end as aerobic, but most aerobic ATP generated on back end
          2. Also used in aerobic life for a quick fix
          3. Making dough rise, fermenting to produce alcohol
          4. When eating, glucose circulated through blood to cells, some used immediately - insulin signals glucose uptake from blood
          5. Excess in liver can be stored as glycogen
          6. Between meals, brain demands glucose (uses two-thirds of circulating glucose), pancreas secretes hormone glucagon which causes liver to convert glycogen back to glucose
          7. 1% energy in glycogen, 78% in fat, 21% in protein
          8. Fats for energy
            1. When insufficient glycogen, fat can be used - broken down, enters Krebs cycle
            2. Excess glucose gets turned into fat, when signaled by excess insulin, but 25% have genes that let them eat as much as they want without getting fat
          9. Proteins for energy
            1. Proteins not stored - broken down, can be converted to carbohydrates or fats or enter Krebs cycle producing urea, toxic if it builds up
        2. Anaerobic electron transport metabolizes (digests) simpler non-carbon chemicals such as sulfur and nitrogen
      6. Perspective: life formed about 3.8 billion years ago, little oxygen (very reactive), released and built up by anaerobic bacteria. Essence of life is metabolic control
    3. Unit 2 - Principles of Inheritance, Chapter 9 - Cell Division and Mitosis
      1. Start as one fertilized ovum, human adult has 65 trillion cells, divide to replace dead cells - replace small intestine lining every five days
      2. Bottom line - parent cells must provide daughter cells with instructions for cell and enough metabolic machinery to start up
      3. Mitosis - body cell to body cell (somatic cells)
      4. Meiosis - body cell to gamete (germ or sex cells)
      5. Mitosis
        1. DNA in chromosomes
        2. In preparation for mitosis, duplicates into sister chromatids, joined at centromere unique to each chromosome
        3. Chromosome number unique to species, humans 46, diploid - 2n pairs each member of pair with the same genes
        4. Cell cycle:
          1. Interphase, normal growth
          2. Interphase, chromosome duplication
          3. Interphase, preparation for division
          4. Mitosis, nuclear division first then cytoplasmic
        5. Usually repeats at about the same rate for all cells of a given type, different for each type
          1. nerve cells arrest at interphase, do not divide (but new results this year)
          2. red blood cells replace 2 to 3 million per second
        6. Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite halves
        7. Nucleus breaks up into vesicles, reassemble around separated chromosomes
        8. Cytoplasm divides at the same time, process depends upon type of cell
          1. Plant cells new wall plate forms down middle
          2. Animal cells, cytoplasm pinches in two
        9. Many diseases arise from errors in this process
          1. Controls over division, can be diseases - cancer is uncontrolled division
          2. Interphase: Linear DNA very long, has special attached proteins to coil it, keep it untangled
          3. Microtubules are the engines of mitosis, target of poisons
      6. Vocabulary:
        1. Allele
        2. Chromosome
        3. Clone
        4. Crossing Over
        5. Diploid / Haploid
        6. Gene
        7. Homologue
        8. Meiosis
        9. Mitosis
        10. Mutation
    4. Chapter 10 - Meiosis
      1. Mitosis is asexual reproduction - each offspring like its parent, except for mutations, gets same genes - just division. Also used for normal body (somatic) growth even in organisms with sexual reproduction
      2. Sexual reproduction involves meiosis, gamete formation and fertilization
      3. Genetic material is DNA, arranged in large chromosomes. Genes are at specific locations in the chromosomes. Gene for eye color, dimple/no dimple, etc. Each gene has two or more alleles - forms, e.g. blue or brown eyes, dimple or no dimple, curl tongue or not. Many characteristics (height, for example, controlled by several to many genes)
      4. Meiosis only in germ cells - sex cells, sperm and ova
      5. Variation and mixing are the foundation for evolution
      6. Chromosomes come in pairs, one from each parent - each one is a homologue
        1. Each one duplicates, copy remains bonded as sister chromatids
        2. Homologues lie parallel, can have crossovers, exchange genes that way (crossovers for sister chromatids do not matter since the genes are the same)
        3. Separation into two cells, sister chromatids still bonded, random maternal and paternal homologues in each of the two cells - many variations are possible
        4. Second cell division with sister chromatids splitting, four cells with half the number of chromosomes. No mix-ups here - sister chromatids are identical
      7. Sperm cell: all four become viable
      8. Ova: one of four is viable, has enough cytoplasm to start life
      9. At fertilization, recombine haploid to get back to diploid by merging. One chromosome from each parent.
      10. Mitosis only produces clones - identical copies (except for mutations)
      11. Meiosis produces new combinations: (i) crossing over, (ii) random selection of maternal or paternal chromosomes, and (iii) sexual recombination at fertilization
      12. Vocabulary:
        1. Dominant (A) / Recessive (a)
        2. Genotype
        3. Heterozygous (Aa) / Homozygous dominant (AA) / Homozygous recessive (aa)
        4. Hybrid
        5. Phenotype
        6. True-breeding
    5. Chapter 11 - Observable Patterns of Inheritance
      1. There are traits controlled by a single gene:
        1. Hanging earlobes or attached (dominant gene causes cells at joint to die during fetal development)
        2. Flat feet (recessive)
        3. Straight nose (recessive)
        4. Curling tongue
      2. Early in history of human study of genetics (1800s), concern about why traits did not blend - white cat mated with black cat produces gray? All differences would blend out
        1. This was the accepted theory even though it could not explain the facts. At the time, this was the only conceivable theory.
        2. Darwin was a dissident, believed that advantageous inherited traits could be passed on
        3. Gregor Mendel, monk, tracked inheritance in pea plants, had also studied math, physics, botany.
          1. He worked with pea plants that were self-fertilizing and bred true, then forced to cross-breed
          2. Ratios led him to hypothesize chance mixing as in Punett Squares - Law of Independent Assortment
      3. Incomplete dominance is also found - red and white snapdragons can make pink
      4. Can also be more than one allele per gene - for example, ABO blood - leads to codominance
      5. One gene can act on two traits - pleiotropy
      6. Multiple genes can act on the same trait - this is the case for most traits
    6. More possible quiz/exam questions (there will be more before the Midterm):
      1. What are "metabolic pathways?" Give two examples of metabolic pathways, and two other examples of how metabolic pathways can change with circumstances, circumstances such as the supply of nutirients.
      2. Vocabulary questions, such as "briefly define or describe the following terms:" followed by a list. There will be additional vocabulary to come in later chapters.
      3. Punnett square questions such as: given parent genotypes Ab and aB, fill in the Punnett Square below, and list the possible genotypes for the offspring and their phenotypes.
             
             
             
      4. Describe the difference between mitosis and meiosis. In organisms that reproduce asexually, when does each one occur, and what does this imply about the "family tree" of such organisms? In organisims that reproduce sexually, when does each one occur, and what does this imply about the "family tree" of such organisms?
      5. Describe the Law of Independent Assortment. Describe the exceptions to the law.
  3. GST 1990
    1. Choices for topics
    2. Choices for books / articles
  4. GST 2010, Health Concepts and Strategies. We will review the reading assignment briefly: one of Chapters 9, 10 or 11.
    1. Chapter 9 - The Use and Abuse of Psychoactive Drugs
      1. Widespread use of drugs - caffeine, sleeping pills, etc. Problems are abuse and addiction
      2. Addictive behaviors: reinforcement, compulsion/craving, loss of control over behavior, escalation, negative consequences
      3. Combination of factors involved in developing addiction: trial, substance (nicotine may be most addictive), genetics, other troubles
      4. Other behaviors that can become addictive: gambling, sex/love, spending/shopping, Internet
      5. What is a drug: chemicals other than food intended to affect body structure/function
      6. Tradition of use going back thousands of years
        1. 19th century, extracted active ingredients, freely available, much addiction in western society ca 1900, then regulation followed, booms in '60's & '70's, marijuana boom '91-'97
      7. Vast majority of young people do not use drugs
      8. American Psychiatric Associate (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders does not define addiction - too vague, but does define:
        1. Drug abuse - one or more of: recurrent drug use, recurrent use in situations where it is hazardous recurrent drug-related legal problems, continued drug use despite persistent drug-related problems
        2. Drug dependence - three or more during 12 months of: tolerance, withdrawal, using larger amounts or longer period than intended, persistent desire to cut down, much time involved in obtaining, giving up other important activities, continued use in face of related problems
      9. Use and abuse involve all types of people, young start is a danger sign
      10. Risk factors for trying drugs: being male, poor self-image, lack of self-control, being aggressive, impulsive or moody, ADHD, thrill-seeking or risk-taking, peer group or family that accepts or rewards drug use, chaotic home environment, parental abuse, dysfunctional families, youth in disadvantaged areas
      11. Allure of excitement and illegality, escape boredom, dealing with difficulties
      12. Possible risk factors: prenatal exposure, brain chemistry, chronic pain, emotional pain
      13. Drug use can cause other risks related to: driving, sex, aggression, violence
      14. Also: constipation, nausea, depression, heart failure, overdose
      15. Administration risks: toxic contaminants, needle sharing, infection, variable dose
      16. Routes:
        1. Most drugs operate on brain
        2. Injection goes to brain through blood, also inhaled
        3. Mouth: stomach ==> blood, liver, heart, lungs, brain
        4. In brain, affects one or more neurotransmitters
        5. Drugs eventually metabolized by liver, excreted via kidney into urine, small amounts through sweat, breast milk, lungs
      17. Factors: drug (overall effect, dose-response, time-action, drug use history, method or route), user (body mass, other drugs, pregnancy, expectations - low doses are influenced more by user expectations), social (setting - party can make drug exciting, home it can be soporific)
      18. Types: opiods, central nervous system depressants, central nervous system stimulants, hallucinogens, inhalants
      19. Drugs and society: $50 billion/year for drugs, $100 billion/year for law enforcement, 100,000 per year in jail, insufficient treatment facilities, drug-dependent babies
      20. Legalization question, also workplace drug testing
      21. Treatment: substitution, centers, self-help groups, counseling - treatment for codependents
      22. Prevention: stopping production, importation and distribution, reducing demand
      23. What to do instead for: boredom, stress, shyness, low self-esteem, depression, lethargy, meaninglessness, afraid to say no, peer pressure
    2. Chapter 10 - The Responsible Use of Alcohol
      1. Alcohol oldest drug, wide use
      2. Heavy drinkers in US are 8.5%, drink over 50% of alcohol
      3. Leading cause of death 15 - 24, through accidents
      4. Ethyl alcohol (others are toxic), proof is double the percentage of alcohol
      5. 20% absorbed through stomach into bloodstream, 75% absorbed in upper small intestine, rest further on.
        1. Carbonation increases absorption rate.
        2. Distributed throughout body, metabolized in liver (some in stomach) also some excreted directly through lungs, kidneys, sweat glands
      6. Blood alcohol content (BAC) in creases if small body mass, high fat content, men metabolize more in stomach because of enzyme activity, chronic drinkers metabolize faster - if drink slowly can keep BAC low
        1. Effects increase with BAC, go up to coma and death at 0.35%
      7. Hangover causes not known - byproducts of alcohol metabolism, dehydration, hormonal effects, still impaired even if BAC returns to zero
      8. More lethal when combined with drugs
      9. Alcohol causes 100,000 deaths in US per year - 80% of suicides
      10. Contributes to unsafe sex
      11. Alcohol distributed throughout body, can affect many organs: cirrhosis of the liver, cardiovascular system (moderate drinking may reduce heart attacks but higher doses cause harm), cancer risks high for heavy drinkers (life expectancy is 58 years for alcoholics)
      12. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) - damaging to fetus / child
      13. Moderate drinking may reduce coronary heart disease in middle and later age (not younger), may raise HDL, reduce risk of diabetes, Alzheimer's, benign prostate enlargement. Also carries risks, however.
      14. Alcohol abuse is alcoholism: drinking alone or secretively, using alcohol to get through difficult situations, repeatedly, feeling uncomfortable if alcohol is not available, escalating consumption, drinking before risky situations, e.g. driving, drinking in morning or at other unusual times
        1. Binge drinking common on campuses
        2. Alcoholics can have many patterns of drinking, e.g. weekends only or continuously
      15. Causes of alcoholism can include genetics and abuse as a child
      16. Perhaps 25% of alcoholics cure themselves without "hitting bottom."
        1. Many alcoholics have drinking patterns that vary widely, so treatment may be possible
        2. Treatment - counseling programs such as AA, some drugs (Antabuse)
      17. Gender and ethnic differences
      18. Self-screening for alcohol-related problems
      19. Responsible drinking behavior
    3. Chapter 11 - Toward a Tobacco-Free Society
      1. 1 in 4 US adults smokes, 400,000 Americans die every year from effects of smoking + 60,000 non-smokers
      2. Primary reason for continuing is nicotine addiction
      3. At low doses, tobacco a stimulant
        1. Regular smokers need a hit about every 40 minutes- evidence that smokers manage nicotine level
        2. Tolerance builds. Addiction can come within a few cigarettes
        3. Earlier start leads to heavier smoking and earlier death
      4. Factors in teenager smoking: family smokes, peers smoke, blue-collar family, low-income home, single parent, poor grades, school drop-out, positive attitudes about tobacco
      5. Most drug addicts are also heavy smokers
      6. Cigarette smoke has hundreds of damaging substances including at least 43 carcinogens and cocarcinogens. Also poisonous substances such as arsenic. Also CO (carbon monoxide) which is poisonous
        1. Menthol is an anesthetic and may enable deeper inhalation
        2. Nicotine has many physical effects
      7. Health effects
        1. Cardiovascular Heart Disease is the leading cause of death for cigarette smokers - reduces HDL
        2. Also leading cause of lung cancer, apparently due to benzo(a)pyrene which causes genetic mutations similar to those for lung cancer
        3. Also higher rates of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, damage to cilia inhibits removal of disease agents, ulcers, impotence, reproductive health problems, dental diseases, diminished sensory perception, appearance
        4. More illness, time away from work
      8. Other forms of tobacco also harmful, even more so: chewable, cigar, pipe, clove
      9. Secondhand smoke = mainstream (exhaled by smokers) and sidestream (from cigarette end, even more dangerous)
      10. Tactics for avoiding secondhand smoke: speak up, open a window, don't allow smoking in your home or apartment, display reminders, sit in non-smoking sections
      11. Options for quitting: cold turkey, many products, support from friends and family, exercise helps