Courses Wayne State University College of Lifelong Learning Interdisciplinary Studies Program Changing Life on Earth, GST 2020, 4 cr     Section 981 (face-to-face Wednesdays 6:00 - 8:30 PM in     222 Cohn on campus) and Section 990 (online) Health Concepts and Strategies, GST 2010, 3 cr     Section 981 (face-to-face, Wednesdays 8:40 - 10 PM in 222     Cohn on campus) and Section 990 (online) Health Concepts and Strategies for Elder Care, GST 1990    Section 981 (2 credits) and Section 982 (4 credits)	Instructor
	David R. Bowen 2311 A/AB Wayne State University Detroit, MI 48202 Schedule (link not working yet)	Daytime tel: (313) 577-1498 Evening tel: (248) 549-8518 At Ford: 313-390-2155 FAX: (313) 577-8585 Home Page:     http://www.cll.wayne.edu/isp/drbowen Email: d.r.bowen@wayne.edu

Health - GST 2010	Genetics theme GST2020 Evolution theme GST 2020	Back to course welcome page
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Last updated: 10/10/01

Agenda 5
Wednesday October 10
Health Concepts and Strategies, GST 2010
Changing Life on Earth, GST 2020
Attached Directed Study, GST 1990

1. Announcements
   1. Handouts:
      1. Agenda 5 for Wednesday October 10
   2. Present and past assignments:
      1. GST 2010 Personal Health Project brief description was due October 3, but get it in when you can. Please note: the Personal Health Project is supposed to apply the course to you, personally. Suggested topics are in the Syllabus.
      2. GST 1990 Report 1 (short descriptive paragraph of project) was due October 3
      3. GST 1990 choice for the second book, or for alternative resources (see syllabus) is due today, October 10.
      4. GST 2010 Essay 1 is due today, October 10. The essay form and grading standards are in the GST 2010 syllabus, and the choice of topics (answer one only) is on a separate web page on the course web site.
      5. GST 2020 Quiz 1 is today, October 10. See below.
   3. Upcoming assignments:
      1. GST 2010
         1. By next week, October 17, let me know of your choices among the chapters (4, 5, 6, 7 or 8; and 9, 10, or 11)
         2. In two weeks, October 24, Personal Health Project Report 1 (see syllabus for details)
      2. GST 2020: Midterm on 10/31 (three weeks), will be cumulative. Watch for additional questions.
      3. GST 1990: Outline is due on 10/31.
   4. I brought a digital camera to class to take pictures for an online class photo album. I will also bring it for a couple of weeks after that. Having your picture in the online photo gallery is not a requirement of the course, but it is fun for most people. Online students for whom I do not have an earlier picture, if they want to be represented, should make other arrangements with me. If you already have an electronic photo of yourself that you want me to use, you can email it to me.
   5. GST 2010, Health Concepts and Strategies (repeat). During the class on 9/26, we discovered that the WSU Bookstore had stocked the "Full", not the "Brief" edition of the textbook. This will mean that reading assignments will be changed. (If by some chance you got the "Brief" edition - it says "BRIEF on the right-hand side of the cover near the top, follow the original reading schedule.) I don't yet have all of the information, and I will add the reading schedule for the "Full" edition to the online Syllabus later, but here are changes for the next few weeks:

      Week	Class	Date	GST 2010 Reading
      5	4	10/3	Chapter 3, Psychological Health
      6	5	10/10	One of Chapter 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 (your choice)
      7	6	10/17	One of Chapter 9, 10, or 11 (your choice)
      8	7	10/24	Chapter 12, Nutrition Basics
      9	8	10/31	Chapter 13, Exercise for Health and Fitness
      10	9	11/7	Chapter 14, Weight Management

   6. GST 2020.
      1. The 2001 Nobel Prize for Medicine and Physiology was announced Monday morning 10/8. The prize (approximately $950,000 this year, but the honor is immeasurable) will be split between three researchers (two English and one American) who clarified cell division and the genes that control it. One discovered cyclin, the protein which "choreographs" the whole process. Cyclin molecules are only made at the time of cell division, and they disappear afterwards until the next division cycle.
      2. I just "heard a book" (on tape, while exercising) about human civilization on Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean. this is a story about how humans can destroy an ecosystem and thereby their own civilization. By somewhere around 1500 there were about 9,000 humans on this Island. From there until the first contact with western civilization in 1722, there is evidence that the native population had cut down all of the large trees, leading to widespread soild erosion and a collapse of the island ecosystem and food chain, leading to most of the population dying off. There is even some evidence of cannibalism at the end. Read more on the NOVA web site for their show, "Secrets of Easter Island", is http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/easter/.
      3. Human beings control (through agriculture) about 40% of the energy that goes into photosynthesis. We are currently doubling every 35 to 42 years, so if present trends continue, we will control 80% of the energy in about 40 years, and 100% in 60 years. Maybe we had better be very clear about what how our ecosystem works, lest we end up like the Easter Islanders!
      4. Quiz 1 is this week, Wednesday October 10, open book, open notes. Possible questions are on a separate web page on the course web site, augmented with the three additional questions below.
         1. Face-to-face. At the start of class. Class continues after the quiz.
         2. Online.
            1. Quiz will be posted as a link to a Word 97 file on the course web site, by 6 PM on October 10.
            2. Download the file, open it in your word processor, answer the questions.
            3. Save the file, adding your two initials at the beginning of the file name.
            4. Email the file to the Instructor (d.r.bowen@wayne.edu)
            5. You have 24 hours to email the completed quiz. If this is impractical for you, get clearance in advance.
            6. This way of passing files back and forth was tested in the first assignment for online students - the file test. If you are an online GST 2020 student but you have not done the file test, follow the directions on Agenda 1, Item I.C.6. The risk is, unless you have done this, that our word processors may be incompatible, and there may be a lot of high-pressure shenanigans trying to work around the problem.
   7. GST 1990.
      1. The project or paper is a "T." Your project or paper should include both parts of the T, your focus on a sub-are of health care for the elderly, within the context of the whole field.
         1. The top bar of the T is an overview of health care for the elderly, and the resources for this are the common book, and the relevant chapters in the text for GST 2010, Core Concepts in Health (see below).
            1. Probably most people have the "Full" edition of the GST 2010 text. Here, the relevant chapters are 19 and 20, and perhaps parts of 22 if you are choosing a policy perspective for GST 1990.
            2. If you have the "Brief" edition of the GST 2010 text, the relevant chapter is 14.
         2. The vertical downward bar of the T is your focus within the overall topic of health care for the elderly. For some suggestions here, see the syllabus (your choices here are not limited to those options listed in the syllabus). The resource for this focus is the second book, which you should be choosing, with my approval.
2. GST 2020, Changing Life on Earth. We will review the reading assignment, Chapters 7 and 8 in Cell Biology and Genetics. This ends Unit I on Principles of Cellular Life. Next week starts Unit II on inheritance.
   1. Chapter 7 - How Cells Acquire EnergyChloroplasts - first makes ATP in light-dependent reaction, then uses ATP to make glucose in light-independent reaction - almost always goes on to form starch, cellulose or sucrose
      1. Less than 1% of sun's energy reaching Earth goes into photosynthesis, approximately 50% efficient
      2. Chloroplasts appear green because they absorb other colors - other molecules absorb other colors also
      3. Light-dependent reactions have two stages to free electrons and split water into hydrogen and oxygen - evolved in two stages also
         1. May have evolved under water in early dangerous atmosphere - high UV levels
         2. ATP made in first stage
      4. Plants release oxygen during photosynthesis - accumulated in early atmosphere, which was originally oxygen-free, allowed animal evolution
         1. 6CO2 from atmosphere + 12 H2O ==> 6O2 + C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6H2O
         2. Many of mechanisms described earlier - enzymes, membranes, osmosis - are used here
         3. During daylight, glucose ==> sucrose (easily transported) and starch (most common storage form)
         4. After daylight, starch ==> sucrose for energy and structure
            1. In hotter climates, pores (stomata) close to conserve water, cannot get CO2, slightly different process
            2. Rise in CO2 may shift balance
            3. Desert plants keep stomata closed during the day to conserve water, open stomata at night to fix CO2 for photosynthesis the next day. Can also keep going during drought with stomata closed at night by repeatedly fixing the same carbon, very low level of metabolism, very slow growth
         5. Vast numbers of single-celled plants in ocean, "bloom" in spring, soak up half of our excess CO2
         6. Also chemoautotrophs that use metals and other materials for energy while making glucose and influence chemical cycles
   2. Chapter 8 - How Cells Release Stored Energy
      1. Plants use ATP to produce glucose, then use glucose to produce ATP
      2. Can also break down fats and proteins to produce ATP
      3. Anaerobic (wihout oxygen, evolved earlier):
         1. in cytoplasm
         2. about two ATP per glucose molecule
      4. Aerobic (with oxygen, evolved later, after oxygen built up from earlier life)
         1. about 36 ATP per glucose - varies with cellular conditions
         2. Occurs in mitochondria
         3. Has the intensity to support high-energy life
         4. About 40% efficient
            1. "Front end" produces 2 net ATP
            2. Krebs cycle intermediate
            3. "Back end" produces 34 ATP
      5. Anaerobic has two metabolic pathways
         1. Fermentation
            1. Shares same front end as aerobic, but most aerobic ATP generated on back end
            2. Also used in aerobic life for a quick fix
            3. Making dough rise, fermenting to produce alcohol
            4. When eating, glucose circulated through blood to cells, some used immediately - insulin signals glucose uptake from blood
            5. Excess in liver can be stored as glycogen
            6. Between meals, brain demands glucose (uses two-thirds of circulating glucose), pancreas secretes hormone glucagon which causes liver to convert glycogen back to glucose
            7. 1% energy in glycogen, 78% in fat, 21% in protein
            8. Fats for energy
               1. When insufficient glycogen, fat can be used - broken down, enters Krebs cycle
               2. Excess glucose gets turned into fat, when signalled by excess insulin, but 25% have genes that let them eat as much as they want without getting fat
            9. Proteins for energy
               1. Proteins not stored - broken down, can be converted to carbs or fats or enter Krebs cycle producing urea, toxic if it builds up
         2. Anaerobic electron transport metablizes (digests) simpler non-carbon chemicals such as sulfur and nitrogen
      6. Perspective: life formed about 3.8 billion years ago, little oxygen (very reactive), released and built up by anaerobic bacteria. Essence of life is metabolic control
   3. Unit 2 - Principles of Inheritance, Chapter 9 - Cell Division and Mitosis
      1. Start as one fertilized ovum, human adult has 65 trillion cells, divide to replace dead cells - replace small intestine lining every five days
      2. Bottom line - parent cells must provide daughter cells with instructions for cell and enough metabolic machinery to start up
      3. Mitosis - body cell to body cell (somatic cells)
      4. Meiosis - body cell to gamete (germ or sex cells)
      5. Mitosis
         1. DNA in chromosomes
         2. In preparation for mitosis, duplicates into sister chromatids, joined at centromere unique to each chromosome
         3. Chromosome number unique to species, humans 46, diploid - 2n pairs each member of pair with the same genes
         4. Cell cycle:
            1. Interphase, normal growth
            2. Interphase, chromosome duplication
            3. Interphase, preparation for division
            4. Mitosis, nuclear division first then cytoplasmic
         5. Usually repeats at about the same rate for all cells of a given type, different for each type
            1. nerve cells arrest at interphase, do not divide (but new results this year)
            2. red blood cells replace 2 to 3 million per second
         6. Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite halves
         7. Nucleus breaks up into vesicles, reassmble around separated chromosomes
         8. Cytoplasm divides at the same time, process depends upon type of cell
            1. Plant cells new wall plate forms down middle
            2. Animal cells, cytoplasm pinches in two
         9. Many diseases arise from errors in this process
            1. Controls over division, can be diseases - cancer is uncontrolled division
            2. Interphase: Linear DNA very long, has special attached proeins to coil it, keep it untangled
            3. Microtubules are the engines of mitosis, target of poisons
3. GST 1990
   1. Choices for topics
   2. Choices for books / articles
4. GST 2010, Health Concepts and Strategies. We will review the reading assignment briefly: one of Chapters 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8
   1. (David Bowen. Chapter 4 is on intimate relations, which can be very important, among other things, for providing emotional support when we are "down." I grew up in a family where this kind of support was just not the norm. One reaction from some people raised in similar families is that their parents made them that way - undemonstrative, for example. But human beings have the potential for changing themselves. This comes up in many places in this course:
      1. Many people have said that their stress reaction is innate and out of their control.
      2. Fat-free and low-fat foods are improving in taste, but some have said that they don't like them so they won't try them.
      3. An accepting, tolerant attitude towards others seems to offer advantages in having a healthy and happy old age, but some people say they just are not that way and there's nothing they can do about it.

      But - human beings always have the potential for transforming themselves. Perhaps Maslow's hierarchy of needs has something to do with this, but even that does not lock us in. That's why the first chapter in the textbook is so important - how can you change yourself?
      
      Also - you are transforming yourself by going to college, so you know you can do it if you want to.)

   2. Online students: watch for updates in the sections below:
      1. Chapter 4 - Intimate relations
      2. Chapter 5 - Sex and your body
      3. Chapter 7 - Abortion
      4. Chapter 8 - Pregnancy and childbirth