Courses Wayne State University College of Lifelong Learning Interdisciplinary Studies Program Changing Life on Earth, GST 2020, 4 cr     Section 981 (face-to-face Wednesdays 6:00 - 8:30 PM in     222 Cohn on campus) and Section 990 (online) Health Concepts and Strategies, GST 2010, 3 cr     Section 981 (face-to-face, Wednesdays 8:40 - 10 PM in 222     Cohn on campus) and Section 990 (online) Health Concepts and Strategies for Elder Care, GST 1990    Section 981 (2 credits) and Section 982 (4 credits)	Instructor
	David R. Bowen 2311 A/AB Wayne State University Detroit, MI 48202 Schedule (link not working yet)	Daytime tel: (313) 577-1498 Evening tel: (248) 549-8518 At Ford: 313-390-2155 FAX: (313) 577-8585 Home Page:     http://www.cll.wayne.edu/isp/drbowen Email: d.r.bowen@wayne.edu

Health - GST 2010	Genetics theme GST2020 Evolution theme GST 2020	Back to course welcome page
		Policies, Assignments, Course Meetings	Online Tools	Information about the class and participants	Lectures and further information from other sources	General information

Last updated: 10/3/01

Agenda 3
Wednesday September 26
Health Concepts and Strategies, GST 2010
Changing Life on Earth, GST 2020
Attached Directed Study, GST 1990

1. Announcements
   1. Early Assessment. Early Assessment is a University program to give an early warning to students in beginning courses (1000- and 2000-level) who do not seem to be doing well right at the start (below a grade of C). All students in all of these course are covered. My Early Assessment forms are due to the University by Thursday October 4. We will not have had a major assignment due by then, so I will be basing my Assessments on little things (see list below). If my Assessment is that you are off to a poor start, you should get a letter from the University informing you of this, and listing academic support services. This warning does NOT go on your permanent record, and it is a warning only - you are not required to do anything in response (although you should!). It does not affect your final course grades in any way. (By the time the final grades are due, I will most likely have forgotten all about this!) Here are the factors that I will use in my early Assessments this semester:
      1. Face-to-face courses
         1. Class attendance
         2. Participation in class
      2. Online courses
         1. Weekly reports
         2. Conference postings
   2. Handouts:
      1. Agenda 3 for Wednesday September 26
   3. Additional topics for Quiz 1 (GST 2020 - updated today on course web site)
      7. Compare and contrast: gene, chromosome, DNA, RNA, protein, ribosome
      8. Describe the function of mitochondria
      9. What are the methods that cells use to transport materials in and out through the cell membrane? Briefly describe each.
   4. Every week we will spend a very brief amount of time at the end of GST 2020, just before the 8:30 break, for GST 1990.
   5. For now,
      1. GST 2010 Essay 1 is delayed one week until October 10. Each reading assignment is also delayed one week.
      2. GST 2020 Quiz 1 is delayed one week until October 10. Each reading assignment is also delayed one week.
      3. GST 1990 report 1 (short descriptive paragraph of project) is delayed one week until October 3 (this is a change from last week's Agenda 2).
   6. There is a PBS (Channel 56) special on the life and ideas of Charles Darwin from this past Tuesday through Thursday 9/27 at 8 PM to 10 PM each night. The last installment on Thursday deals with religion and evolution. Both historical and current ideas and controversies are presented.
   7. In this weeks Science Times (Tuesday science section of The New York Times), an article on Page 1 describes problems with identifying the victims of the September 11 attacks at the World Trade Center in New York City.
      1. Relatives and friends are asked to view and identify the body, but they often make mistakes. Even bodies of the wrong sex have been identified as a spouse.
      2. Tattoos and other identifying marks are used, but often relatives and friends may not know about tattoos
      3. Documents such as drivers' licenses can be used, but people often happen to be carrying documents for others. Also the documents have to be found on a body, intact.
      4. Teeth and fingerprints can be used if those are also on file, and if the teeth/fingerprints are intact.

      DNA is a definitive identification method, can be used on very small samples, and can often be matched to DNA found on personal items such as combs or clothes. Also, since every cell in the body contains the whole DNA blueprint for the whole person, any cell can be used and in fact the type of body part does not have to be known for this method. The standard method uses thirteen locations on chromosomes, which locations are known as S.T.R.s (Short Tandem Repeats), where there are multiple copies of short sequences of DNA. The number of repeats varies from person to person, so that the number of repeats, which can be counted relatively easily) for all thirteen locations is a good personal identifier, relatively easy to use.

   8. A second Science Times article, on Page 6, describes an article in the medical journal Circulation reporting on a recent result from the "Dallas Bed Rest and Training Study which followed 20 in their twenties in 1966 as they exercised then stopped exercising and rested in bed. Their aerobic performance (an indicator of cardiovascular health) declined markedly. In 1996, five of the men were examined and their aerobic performance had declined again with age. However, six months of fitness training (their choice of walking, jogging or riding an exercise bicycle) restored their aerobic performance to the same level that followed their initial training in their twenties. (This result is similar to many others, confirming these and earlier results, as you will read in the textbook.)
   9. A third Science Times article on Page 8 reports on expanding research into artificial blood. As we learn more about how particular cells work (which those taking Changing Life on Earth are reading a lot about), we are better able to make artificial versions, which can relieve the chronic undersupply of donated blood and other organ donations. Artificial joints (hips and knees in particular) work so well that human hip and knee donations are not needed.
2. GST 2020, Changing Life on Earth. We will review the reading assignment, Chapters 3 and 4 in Cell Biology and Genetics
   1. By now you should be becoming convinced of the complexity of life, even at the cellular level! there are many functions that cells must carry out, and some of the functions have complex organizations. For example, some proteins take several systems to reach their final forms. How did all of this complexity come about? In terms of the Theory of Evolution, the answer is that, whenever you see systems within systems, the susbsystems were originally separate, but at some point were joined together for a new purpose.
      1. Natural Selection is part of the theory of Evolution. This does not seem to be a "directed" process, but is simple statistics. Here is an example using the black/white moths. After the moths had turned black at the depths of the industrial revolution, say around 1850, then in the twentieth century, environmental controls were put into law, and coal dust did not turn tree trunks black anymore, but left them light-colored. Because of this, birds could now see dark moths easily, and had a harder time seeing white moths. So let's suppose that in one particular neighborhood we had 1,000 black moths, and one white moth (but this is the one that will save the species!). If each moth has ten offspring in a breeding season, and 90% of the black moths are eaten by birds, but only 25% of the white moths, then, counting the original moths as well, the total number of black moths would be 1,000 original + 10,000 offspring or 11,000, of which 90% are eaten by birds, leaving one out of ten, or 1,100. For the white moth, there is the one original plus ten offspring, for a total of 11, of which 25% are eaten by birds, leaving three out of four, or about 9. In a single generation, just by the power of statistics, the white/black ratio has gone from 1,000:1 to 1,100:12, or roughly 92:1. In a single generation, white moths have gone from one in a thousand to about one in a hundred. This doesn't have to happen for too many generations before the black moths are at one per thousand. Notice that there is no "will" attributed to genes and no "direction" attributed to the process, and that what is "fit" depends upon the environment. If the environment changes, then what is fit changes. If a species has no variation, or not enough, then if the environment changes (and it is always changing) the species will not have the raw material of evolution, and is at risk of going extinct.
   2. Chapter 3: Carbon Compounds in Cells. How cells put carbon compounds together, use them, and effects. the big picture is that carbon compounds, especially proteins, play central roles in cellular life, and these often large molecules are assembled out of smaller building blocks.
      1. Only living cells make carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids. Living cells have lots of C, H and O - much of H and O is water - remove water and half of what is left is C.
      2. These cells have a carbon backbone - four covalent bonds per carbon atom, can link back into a ring of six carbon atoms
         1. Organic molecules require smaller building blocks, sunlight (energy) and enzymes (speed up reactions)
         2. Monomers (a single subunit) are assembled into polymers - hundreds or thousands of units long
      3. Carbohydrates - (CH₂O)n
         1. Monosaccharides.
         2. Polysaccharides. Cellulose, starch, glycogen are most common polysaccharides - cellulose is a structural fiber in plant cell walls. The different structures account for different properties- cellulose hard to digest, starch easy. Glycogen is sugar store for animals, especially stored in liver and muscle, broken down into glucose for energy. Chitin is tough exoskeleton material also polysaccharides with nitrogen groups
      4. Lipids: fatty, oily. Energy, structure (membranes, surfaces), signaling
         1. Saturated Vs unsaturated - double bonds are unsaturated - all bonds with H are saturated
         2. Triglycerides rich in energy, twice as much as carbohydrates
      5. Proteins - most diverse
         1. Chain of amino acids - 20 different kinds. Examples:
            1. Lysine, lys
            2. Phenylalanine, phe
            3. Cytosine, cyt
         2. Types: enzymes, structural, transport, energy and nutrition, regulatory (hormones etc.)
         3. order of bases determined by DNA
         4. Shapes are important, arise from primary structure - sequence of amino acids
            1. Different levels of structure
         5. Denaturation by heat - breaking hydrogen bonds, changing shape
      6. Nucleotides are involved in metabolism - ATP, also coenzymes, messengers
         1. DNA - ordering of bases - A, C, G, T - double-stranded
         2. RNA - A, C, G, U - single-stranded
   3. Chapter 4: Cell Structure and Function First, the "Cell Theory" - life is made up of cells
      1. History
         1. Early 1600's - Galileo made first microscope
         2. 1650 Robert Hooke observed cell walls (he died not realize they were dead) in cork
         3. Late 1600's - von Leeuwenhoek observed, drew and described small "animalcules" using a microscope
         4. 1820's botanist Robert Brown noticed cell nucleus
         5. 1839 - Theodor Schwan said cells make up living things, have a somewhat independent life
      2. Principals of Cell Theory:
         1. Every organism is composed of one or more cells
         2. The cell is the smallest unit having the properties of life
         3. The continuity of life arises directly from the growth and division of individual cells
      3. Major cell types:
         1. Eukaryotic (have nuclei)
         2. Prokaryotic(no nucleii - only bacteria are prokaryotic)
      4. Cell Structure:
         1. Membrane or wall - permeable (can allow materials through it)
            1. Membrane is two layers of lipids with hydrophyllic heads outside and hydrophilic tails inside layer
            2. Proteins within layer do transport
            3. Large cells cannot transport enough for volume, limit to size - larger cells tend to be tubular e.g. muscles, nerves
         2. Nucleus - with DNA
            1. DNA is in chromosomes (all are chromatin) in nucleus - doubles up to divide
         3. Cytoplasm with organelles e.g. ribosomes, Golgi bodies, vesicles (containers of various types)
            1. mitochondria (make ATP) - most oxygen is used by mitochondria
            2. ribosomes where proteins are made - go to stockpile, get used or cytomembrane system for further assembly by other proteins
      5. Proteins are enzymes for all reactions, also structural - a cell's structure and function begin with proteins
      6. Cell must also break down and dispose of its water, and of body parts abandoned during development, for example the tail of a tadpole before it turns into a frog
      7. Cell motion (motility)
         1. Various methods with structures
            1. length of microtubule or microfilament can increase or decrease by addition or deletion of subunits
            2. parallel rows slide across each other
            3. microtubules or microfilaments carry other materials - streaming
            4. also whiplike tails of cilia and flagella - e.g. in lungs they move mucus with trapped particles
      8. Cell surface important.
         1. In plants, cell wall starts out thin and porous, accumulates cellulose and lignin (trees) for strength, shape and non-porosity.
         2. Animal cells have no walls but accumulate secretions and other materials between them
      9. (Cells become more specialized in higher, more complex organisms - later in evolution. This is accompanied by specialization within cells)
   4. Chapter 5: A Closer Look at Cell Membranes.
      1. Membranes control interaction with external environment and also internal environment of organelles
      2. Cells must be adapted to environment and also able to adapt to changes in the environment
         1. Example of salinity
      3. Membrane is lipid bilayer - fatty molecules with hydrophilic ("water loving") heads and two attached hydrophobic ("water hating") tails. Heads on outside of bilayer - creates seal when punctured because interior comes together to exclude water. Used in transport
      4. Proteins embedded in membranes but can move around ("fluid"), various types:
         1. Transport
         2. Receptors
         3. Recognition
         4. Adhesion (fastening points)
      5. Methods of transport
         1. Much transport by means of diffusion. Diffusion is a movement from concentrated to unconcentrated - density gradient, movement by diffusion is with the gradient. Diffusion gets faster if
            1. sharp or steep gradient
            2. higher temperature
            3. smaller molecules
            4. also pressure difference can affect rate
         2. Diffusion of water-soluble (polar) materials through the cell membrane by diffusion.
            1. Small nonpolar (water-soluble) molecules such as CO2, water and oxygen can pass through both ways, larger polar molecules are blocked by lipid layer, need other transport mechanisms
         3. Proteins like open channels, non-polar (oily) materials such as lipids can move through protein channels
         4. Active transport against by means of proteins, against the gradient, requires ATP for energy
            1. Bulk movement by means of temporary vesicles
3. GST 1990
   1. From Core Concepts in Health, pg 324: "If you optimize wellness during young adulthood, you can exert great control over the physical and mental aspects of aging, and you can better handle your response to events that might be out of your control."
4. GST 2010, Health Concepts and Strategies. We will review the reading assignment, Chapter 2 in Core Concepts in Health
   1. By now you should be becoming convinced that health and wellness are complex subjects. So many things to go wrong! How did we get to be this way? The other course, Changing Life on Earth, has two basic reasons:
      1. Life itself is complex
      2. When modern humans evolved, somewhere about 50,000 years ago, on grassy plains in Africa (savannas), we lived very short lives (most apparently died before leaving offspring), faced very different problems than we face in modern society, had a diet high in vegetables and low in meat and calories, and were constantly on the move. Our makeup is very fit for that environment, but our modern environment is very much different, and we are not so fit for this one. We can accommodate, by following the guidelines in the textbook (and these will be changing in the future, only we don't know the direction of the changes).

      So?

      1. Being "normal" does not necessarily mean being healthy.
      2. It is very likely that you will need help from specialists in maintaining (or fixing) your health.
   2. Chapter 2: Stress
      1. What is stress?
         1. Two aspects - external even and reaction - stressor and stress response
         2. Response comes from two systems - nervous system and endocrine system
            1. Nervous system - autonomic (automatic) sympathetic. Nervous system prompts release of a chain of hormones
            2. Endocrine system - hormones - travel throughout body in blood, have effect at specific sites
   3. Effects of stress: sharper vision, dilation of bronchi, faster heart rate, higher blood pressure, liver releases sugar, endorphins to relieve pain - fight-or-flight reaction. After stressor removed, parasympathetic nervous system takes over from sympathetic, halts reaction.
      1. Fight-or-flight was adaptive, often is not now. Our reaction to stress is critical - this is what triggers the effects - some of our reaction is involuntary.
         1. Type A & Type B personalities
         2. Hardy personalities - doing what they are committed to, in control
         3. Other factors - ethnic, gender, past
      2. Long-term damage to body if chronic
         1. Specific diseases - cardiovascular, immune depression, many smaller e.g. migraines
   4. Sources of stress.
      1. Major life changes
      2. Daily hassles (all worsened by feeling of being out of control)
         1. College
         2. Job
         3. Social
   5. Coping with stress
      1. Being healthy in general - supportive relationships, nutrition, sleep, exercise
      2. Time management - goals, priorities, so no - take a textbook to the doctor's office!
      3. Take control
      4. Be realistic about yourself and others, don't expect too much
      5. Humor
      6. Being positive
      7. (Bowen: Just say"I am stressed now", accompany with a deep breath)
      8. Specific techniques described
   6. Counter productive - eating, tobacco, drugs and alcohol - these treat the symptoms, not the underlying condition
   7. Recognize it if you need help, and get it
5. Chapter 3 - Psychological health. Not the same as normality, but difficult to define
   1. Maslow hierarchy of needs. Psychologist Abraham Maslow, Notes Toward a Psychology of
      Being, 1962 but 3rd edition still in print - self-actualization at the top, earlier priorities must be satisfied first
      1. Physiological needs such as food, air, water
      2. Safety and security
      3. Love and belongingness
      4. Self-esteem
      5. Self-actualization
   2. Aspects of self-actualization
      1. Realism
      2. Acceptance
      3. Autonomy
      4. Intimacy
      5. Creativity
   3. How to achieve these? Authors' suggestions
      1. Growing up Psychologically
         1. Adult identity
         2. Intimacy
         3. Values and purpose
         4. Self-Esteem
      2. Positive self-concept
         1. ability to deal with negative opinions
      3. Being less defensive  (can only solve the problems that you admit you have)
      4. Optimism - pessimism may be a cause of depression
      5. Dealing with loneliness, anger, especially explosive anger, in self and others
   4. Anxiety Disorders - unreasoning fear
      1. phobia
      2. social phobia
      3. panic attack
      4. generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
      5. obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
      6. post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
   5. Mood Disorders
      1. depression (get help, effective treatments exist, questions about St. John's Wort as a treatment for depression)
      2. seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
      3. mania and bipolar disorder
      4. schizophrenia (disorganized thoughts, inappropriate emotions, delusions, auditory hallucinations, deteriorating work and social functioning)