Agenda 11 for 11/28/01

Courses Wayne State University College of Lifelong Learning Interdisciplinary Studies Program Changing Life on Earth, GST 2020, 4 cr Section 981 (face-to-face Wednesdays 6:00 - 8:30 PM in 222 Cohn on campus) and Section 990 (online) Health Concepts and Strategies, GST 2010, 3 cr Section 981 (face-to-face, Wednesdays 8:40 - 10 PM in 222 Cohn on campus) and Section 990 (online) Health Concepts and Strategies for Elder Care, GST 1990 Section 981 (2 credits) and Section 982 (4 credits)	Instructor
	David R. Bowen 2311 A/AB Wayne State University Detroit, MI 48202 Schedule (link not working yet)	Daytime tel: (313) 577-1498 Evening tel: (248) 549-8518 At Ford: 313-390-2155 FAX: (313) 577-8585 Home Page: http://www.cll.wayne.edu/isp/drbowen Email: d.r.bowen@wayne.edu

Health - GST 2010	Genetics theme GST2020 Evolution theme GST 2020	Back to course welcome page
		Policies, Assignments, Course Meetings	Online Tools	Information about the class and participants	Lectures and further information from other sources	General information

Last updated: 12/3/01

Agenda 11
Wednesday November 28
Health Concepts and Strategies, GST 2010
Changing Life on Earth, GST 2020
Attached Directed Study, GST 1990

Updates to show discussion during GST 2020 class:

For II.D, after 2c, add new 3 (done, shown in red)
Figure showing different structure of literal interpretation of Creation according to the Bible (left side), and Evolution (right side)

Different views of how species arose
Animation showing example speciation according to Evolution, with reproductive isolation

Animation: Speciation according to Evolution
(Use "Reload" or "Refresh" to replay animation)

Original Agenda:

Announcements

Handouts:
1. Agenda 11 for Wednesday November 28
Quiz 2 is postponed one week until Wednesday 12/5. There will be two questions on it, from the list for Quiz 2. That list is on this agenda, and will be updated on the Quiz Questions web page tomorrow (11/29). Face-to-face people will be limited to one hour, and online people will have 24 hours from 7 PM Friday 12/7 to 7 PM Saturday 12/8. Any online student who cannot make this schedule should let me know as soon as possible.
Next week, Wednesday 12/5, will be the Student Evaluation of Teaching (SET), in class. Online students will get an email from the Office of Testing, Evaluation and Research, which runs SET, directing them to an online site where they can complete the evaluation. This feedback is important to me in improving classes, and I request your full cooperation. I do not learn the results until after my grades are turned in, and I never learn who made particular responses.
New features on the course home page (http://www.cll.wayne.edu/isp/drbowen/gewf01)

Vocabulary list for GST 2020
Remaining Essay questions for GST 2010
Remaining Quiz questions for GST 2020 are being posted
I will be updating the online grade reports tomorrow, Thursday 11/29 (see link under "Online tools" on the course home page). You must have filled out the Online Course Information Form and chosen "Yes" for Online Grade Reports and given yourself a password, in order to get these reports. Contact me if you want these set up for you.

NOTE: I have had several comments: this system currently reports grades for all three courses, even if you are not taking all of them. Ignore the sections that for the courses you are not taking.

Tutoring available through ISP, Fall 2001 semester

Writing and basic computer skills: contact the tutor, Ms. Lakeshia Murray, directly at 313-345-5541 (Home) or 313-283-7411 (Cell phone)
Math and basic computer skills: Swathika Vathanam 313-832-8380, tutor3040@yahoo.com

In the news

From the New York Times Monday 11/26 Pg 14: The company Advanced Cell Technology in Worcester Mass announced in The Journal of Regenerative Medicine that it had cloned human beings. Previously, the same company announced that it was working on therapeutic cloning (to generate stem cells, not to generate viable human fetuses), paying young women approximately $5,000 apiece for ova for cloning. Adult genetic material is inserted into these ova, which, it is hoped, will then begin dividing. After about five days, the blastocyst has developed far enough to have exterior and interior cell types. The interior cell types are embryonic stem cells. A second method, called parthenogenesis, was to induce an adult cell to begin dividing without fertilization. These cells will never develop fully, since a placenta cannot form without additional genetic material from a father, and so a guaranteed to die at a relatively early stage. The results announced now gave the first results. None of the embryos lived long enough to form stem cells. The blastocysts formed using ova all died before they reached eight cells (stem cells don't develop until the blastocyst reaches approximately 100 cells), and the cells formed from parthenogenesis died before dividing at all. Critics said that the results were a failure, but the company said that it remained optimistic. (Later, President Bush reaffirmed his opposition to human cloning for whatever purpose, but other politicians were divided, generally along party lines. Controversy is continuing.) [Recall that the significance of stem cells is that they are undifferentiated cells that can grow and become part of any organ. The hope is that we will learn to use them to repair or replace damaged or even aged organs. This will probably succeed first with undifferentiated organs such as the liver. The medical community hopes that this will become a revolutionary advance in medicine.]
Over Thanksgiving, I was in New York City for awhile, and went to the Genomics exhibit at the American Museum of Natural History there. The exhibit covered genetic science in less detail than we have, but there was one detail. There was a listing of some of the human genes that have been identified up to now, and I was struck by the number of diseases that have a genetic component. Cancer and diabetes have been listed in this course so far, but there are many, many others. I will try to get a list for the course.
Anthrax strains are identified by eight sections of DNA, not by all of the DNA. The entire anthrax genome (DNA) has now been decoded, and may help in identifying sub-strains of the Ames strain, the strain used in all of the recent anthrax attacks. This may help in narrowing down exactly where the anthrax bacteria used in these attacks came from, and thus in identifying the culprit.
Dietary supplements, over-the-counter materials ranging from vitamins to St John's Wart, are unregulated. They can make any claims they want about their contents (what is in them), and about the health benefits of those contents. A new web-based independent laboratory has begun testing that their contents match the list of ingredients (but not about whether those ingredients have the claimed health benefits. Summaries of the results are available free on line at http://www.ConsumerLab.com but full results require a subscription and payment (for example, $3.95 for access to the full review including all recommended brands, for one product such as vitamin supplements, for one month). (I have looked at this web site, but many details in this item are from Pg 25 of the January 2002 issue of Diabetes Forecast.) Products meeting the ConsumerLab standards are entitled to display the seal. An example of the seal is shown below. ConsumerLab tests for things such as:
1. Does it contain what the label says?
2. Does it meet a defined quality and purity standard?
3. Does it break down in the body properly, so as to actually deliver the contents?
4. Are all of the pills of equal purity and potency?
5. When testing 27 brands of multivitamins, 9 failed for reasons such as:
Example of
ConsumerLab seal
(Remember - if it is strong enough to do you some good, it is strong enough to do you some harm - let your doctor know if you are using a dietary supplement.)

GST 2020, Changing Life on Earth.

Three points from earlier chapters:

In multicellular organisms, each cell contains all of the DNA for each type of cell. Our skins cells, for example, contain the genes for our liver, and vice versa. Only the genes for that organ are expressed, or else abnormalities come into being. This is the basis for cloning - making a new organism from a single cell. the new organism is genetically identical to the "clonee," but will start out in the infant or single-celled stage and will have to grow normally, and will have a completely different environment.
For each species, the same substance has slightly different forms; human hemoglobin is not exactly the same as chimpanzee hemoglobin, for example. The genes are slightly different.
Some genes can affect the way that other genes work. for example, one gene may promote a reaction, while a second can block it. A mutation in the second gene can result in an excessive rate of the reaction. A reaction with several steps can have separated genes promoting each step, and a deficiency in one of those genes can affect how all of those other genes work. In general, most traits are controlled by enough genes that human variation seems almost continuous. Height, eye color and hair color are examples.

Unit III - Evolution. Evolution is changing of gene mix or frequency or percentage from one generation to the next

Variations in genes exist, and result in variations in phenotypes
Some of the resulting phenotypes are more fit than others - better equipped to survive and leave offspring
The genes that result in those phenotypes will increase in frequency (percentage)

Chapter 17 - Principals of Evolutionary Thought - how did life come to be?

Aristotle thought species were distinct, but puzzled by cases that did not seem to be distinct, i.e. sponges looked like plants
Age of exploration expanded idea of world, large numbers of new species
Biogeography - most species restricted geographically but some distant species resembled each other.
Only available theory was Biblical Creation with unchanging species. In 18th century, morphologists compared anatomies of animals, found many similarities and puzzles, such as pelvic bone for snakes and tail parts for humans. Why did these exist?
Geologists found fossils in deep layers of the earth - simpler forms lower down. Also some similarities for fossils and existing species
World-wide differences - how could creation at one time and place have done this?

Novel hypotheses were constructed - species had changed over time

Cuvier and catastrophism - fossils had not yet been found for all species
Lamarck and inheritance of acquired characteristics, change towards perfection by striving for improvement
1831 Charles Darwin, voyage of the Beagle around the world.

Finches on Galapagos Islands showed variations in beaks with food source, number of finches of one type would change if that food became plentiful or scarce
Read theory that earth was millions of years old that much time was required to account for mountains, valleys, and rock formation
Also Malthus and shortage of resources. Darwin suspected that many species could produce mor4e offspring than could survive.
Knew about artificial selection by breeders, in pigeons for example

Theory of Evolution, Darwin gathered evidence for ten years, without publishing, 1859 Origin of Species. Alfred Wallace also had theory, but not as much detail.

Factors in the environment would select for adaptive traits
An initial problem was the lack in "the fossil record" of transitional forms between species, although many have been found, and we now understand why more have not been found

Chapter 18 - Microevolution - evolution within a species

Details of most traits vary among individuals
Three types of traits -basic similarities within a species, but variations

Morphological traits - body plan (e.g. two legs, two arms, one head, upright posture)
Physiological traits - how body works
Behavioral traits - what species does - e.g. baby imitates faces

Sources of variation

Gene mutation
Crossing over during meiosis
Independent assortment during meiosis
Fertilization
Change in chromosome number/structure

Alleles (one of two or more different forms of a gene) are inherited
Gene pool - set of all genes (alleles) in a population
Genetic equilibrium is when the mix of alleles remains constant from one generation to the next. Five conditions:
1. No mutations
2. Large population
3. Isolation from other populations (of same species)
4. Gene has no effect on survival or reproduction
5. Mating is random
Mutations create new alleles or even new genes - about one per 100,000 to 1,000,000 gamete-genes

Lethal, neutral, positive

Seven statements of the theory of evolution - Pg
Examples of directional selection (most important)

Peppered moths on tree trunks
Pesticide resistance
Beak strength
Antibiotic resistance
Stabilizing selection - acts against extremes
Gallmaking fly

Disruptive selection - acts against middle

African black-bellied seedcracker

Small bills favored early in season when there are many soft seeds
Later in season, more large seeds, large bills favored

Sexual selection - for mating displays

Sickle cell anemia - heterozygotes favored

Slow down circulation, slow spread of parasite in blood through malaria
Sickle cell disease less serious, some other genes helping

Inbreeding reduces genetic mixing, variation, can lead to predominance of harmful mutations
Population becomes more fit for that environment as it evolves

Chapter 19 - Speciation - formation of new species
1. A species is a breeding community - genes are interchanged. Any barriers are incomplete. For example, all dogs are a single species - breeds are enforced breeding restrictions. Some dogs cannot interbreed because of extreme size differences, but genetic interchange can be by graded sizes
2. Reproductive isolation leads to new species. Causes can be
  1. Prezygotic isolation such as a physical barrier (e.g. mountain, river - causes what is called allopatric speciation, the most common form), different breeding season, different mating rituals,
  2. Postzygotic isolation such as sterility, lethal genetic interactions
3. Once reproductive isolation occurs, mutations and evolution further separate (diverge)
  1. Slow (anagenesis) or rapid (cladogenesis) divergence? Adaptive radiation
4. Evolutionary tree - branching adaptation
5. Extinction - history of mass extinctions - some branches end. Causes are cold, asteroid crashes, volcanism, continental drift
Chapter 20 - The Macroevolutionary Puzzle
1. Fossil record - collection of fossil life.
  1. Conditions to form a fossil are rare - burial in silt or volcanic ash, dissolved chemicals filter in and replace organic material, must not be disturbed before or after fossilization. Also no oxygen.
  2. So fossil record is an incomplete record - many species may have no fossils
  3. Stratification - layering of rocks deposited by water-borne sediments. Deeper layers are older. Date of layer is date of fossil.
2. Fossil record shows homology - same structure used in different ways, implies common ancestor, e.g. five-toed limb used for hands, fins, wings. Morphological divergence - body forms splitting apart
3. Also morphological convergence - different forms adapting similar forms for the same purpose - side-to-side tail fins for fishes, up-and-down tail fins for ocean-going mammals which re-entered from land
4. Protein comparisons - comparing the amino acid sequence of the same protein in different species - can show similarities and differences. Also DNA differences, although some are "silent."
  1. Molecular clock can compare these differences to find rates of change, especially for neutral mutations
5. Beyond species concepts, division into genetic kingdoms is unclear
6. Plate tectonics (early and inaccurate name was "continental drift") - hot inner core of earth causes "bubbling" underneath continents, plates drift and collide, continents change.
  1. Large effect on life - separation of populations, loss of habitats, creation of new ones
Possible exam questions

Chapter 15 - Quiz 2
1. Describe how genes are regulated by other genes, and give two examples.
2. Describe how environmental factors, such as the presence of sunlight or lactose, can lead to the production of proteins.
3. Describe the genetic factors in cancer
4. Vocabulary
  1. clone
  2. regulatory gene
  3. repressor protein
  4. promoter protein
  5. cancer
  6. metastasis, adhesion
Chapter 16 - Quiz 2
1. Describe the Recombinant DNA technique (or genetic engineering), and how this differs from normal breeding
2. Vocabulary
  1. restriction enzyme
Questions - Quiz 2, for evolution
1. List and describe the three categories of traits
2. List and describe the five sources of variation
3. Describe the theory of evolution - what does it say?
4. Give three examples of evolution "at work"
5. Vocabulary
  1. acquired characteristic
  2. fitness
  3. natural selection
  4. theory (in science)
  5. adaptive
  6. fitness
  7. heritable
  8. selection
  9. natural selection
  10. sexual selection
  11. genetic drift
  12. microevolution
Questions - Final, for evolution
1. Describe how the theory of evolution explains the formation of new species
2. What factors can move species further apart after they have initially split apart?
3. Describe three types of speciation
4. Compare and contrast microevolution and macroevolution
5. What is the importance of fossils for the theory of evolution? What do fossils show about evolution?
6. List four types of evidence for evolution and describe these types. How do they support the theory of evolution?
7. Suppose that a series of species has many homologous structures, but at some point there is a morphological divergence. What conclusion can be drawn about the divergent trait? What conclusion can be drawn about which of these species must have evolved later? Explain your reasoning.
8. Describe what is meant by "plate tectonics." How does this support evolution?
9. Vocabulary
  1. macroevolution
  2. gene flow
  3. species
  4. speciation
For Final - Chapter 21: Place the following in order of their occurrence (may originally be in any order, some may be missing, may be mixed with examples from other chapters)
1. Formation of the earth
2. Prokaryotes
3. Rise in atmospheric oxygen
4. Aerobic life
5. Eukaryotes
6. Plants
7. Animals
8. Life in the oceans
9. Life on land
For Final - Chapter 25 / Plants. Place the following in order of their occurrence (may originally be in any order, some may be missing, may be mixed with examples from other chapters)
1. Multicellular plants
2. Roots and leaves
3. Pollen, seeds and sexual reproduction in plants
4. Vascular plants
5. Flowering plants
For Final - Chapter 26 / Invertebrate animals. Place the following in order of their occurrence (may originally be in any order, some may be missing, may be mixed with examples from other chapters)
1. invertebrates
2. exoskeletons
For Final - Chapter 27 / Vertebrates. Place the following in order of their occurrence (may originally be in any order, some may be missing, may be mixed with examples from other chapters)
1. amphibians
2. reptiles
3. birds
4. mammals
5. primates
6. birds
7. humans
For Final - Chapter 27 / Additional
1. Describe the major evolutionary innovations of humans
2. In what ways is biodiversity important to human beings?

GST 1990

GST 2010, Health Concepts and Strategies. We will review the reading assignment, which is Chapter 16, Cancer (FULL) and Chapter 17, Immunity and Infection (FULL).

Cancer

Second leading cause of death in US. 1 million new cases of skin cancer per year, 1.3 million others, 40% eventually fatal
Uncontrolled cell growth
Tumors - undifferentiated mass of cells
1. Benign, not cancerous, does not invade organs, does not metastasize (spread through blood or lymphatic systems)
2. Malignant, means the same as cancer. Invasive. Metastasizes.
Incidence (new cases per year) and deaths (per year) are about the same for men as for women. Lung cancer causes the most deaths in both men and women, although prostate cancer has the highest incidence for men, and breast cancer the highest incidence for women.
Types of cancer
1. Carcinoma is the most common, arises in epithelia (tissues that cover surfaces) such as skin, breast, lung and prostate
  1. Melanoma is form of skin cancer, highly treatable
2. Sarcomas arise in connective and fibrous tissues such as bone, cartilage and coverings of muscle and fat
3. Lymphomas are cancers of lymph nodes
4. Leukemias are cancers of blood forming cells, mostly in bone marrow
Much variation in ease of detection and success of treatment. For example, skin cancer is easily detected and treated, pancreatic cancer is highly lethal

Much potential for prevention

Type	Risk factors	Prevention or Detection	Treatment
Lung	Smoking and especially secondhand smoke	Early detection is unreliable. Persistent coughs or chest pains, recurring bronchitis	Early detection is key. Surgery is successful then with 49% 5-year survival. Otherwise, chemotherapy and lower survival rates.
Colon/Rectal or Colorectal	Old age and heredity, obesity (?), much red meat, high alcohol consumption	Aspirin or ibuprofen regimen, diet with fruits, vegetables and whole grains (fiber no longer thought to help). Precancerous polyps can be removed if detected. Bleeding from rectum, stool blood test, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy.	Survival rate is 90% with early detection. Otherwise, surgery, chemotherapy and radiation, with lower success rates.
Breast	Age after 30	Strong genetic factor, early menstruation, late menopause, no children or fist child after 30, current hormone replacement therapy, obesity, alcohol use (all contribute to high estrogen levels). Detection by monthly self-exam, annual mammogram after 40, clinical exam increasing with age.	Biopsy (sample) proves negative 90% of time. Early discovery important. Various surgical treatments. New drugs (e.g. tamoxifen) act like estrogen where needed but block estrogen elsewhere. Also in advanced cases, monoclonal antibodies can block excess HER2 (promotes cell growth).
Prostate	Age, also weak genetic predisposition	Annual screening based on age and ethnicity, PSA blood test, changes in urination, painful urination, blood in urine	Progresses slowly, so is often not treated in the elderly. Otherwise removal of prostate is highly successful, although impotence and incontinence are frequent side effects. Radiation "seeds," chemotherapy and other treatments also available.
Cervical	Human papillomavirus (HPV) most common	Pap test	Early treatment with cryoscopy or laser. Later, chemotherapy and radiation.
Uterine (Endometrial)	Age, similar to risks for breast cancer	Pelvic exam	Surgery (usually hysterectomy), sometimes with chemotherapy and/or radiation
Ovarian	Similar to breast cancer	While this is rare, early detection does not work.	Surgical removal of reproductive tract, sometimes with chemotherapy and/or radiation
Skin	Excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation, especially with fair skin, genetic	Use sunblock. Self-examination for early detection (unusual growth, wound that does not heal, mole that changes)	Biopsy (sample) for testing, surgical removal
Oral	Alcohol and tobacco	Easy to see	Surgery and radiation
Testicular	20 to 35 years, ethnicity	Self-examination may help	Surgical removal, chemotherapy is metastasis
Pancreatic	Male, smoking, ethnicity, age	Pancreas is hidden, no good early detection	No good treatment
Bladder	Male, smoking	Possible symptoms are blood in urine, increased frequency	?
Kidney	Age, smoking, obesity, genetics	Possible symptoms are fatigue, pain in side, blood in urine	Difficult
Brain	Radiation exposure	Many possible symptoms - frequent headaches, dizziness, behavioral changes	Treatment is difficult - surgery, chemotherapy, radiation
Leukemia	Weak link to smoking	Fatigue, anemia, weight loss are possible symptoms	Variable
Stomach		Rare in US, common elsewhere
Others		Lymphoma, Multiple myeloma

Causes
1. Strong genetic links, more being discovered. Loss of genetic control over cell division and differentiation. Causes are heredity and environmental damage.
2. Promoters include estrogen
3. Diet is important - high fat and meat consumption promote cancer. Some diet components may protect.
4. Alcohol use promotes cancer.
5. High consumption of fruits and vegetables reduces cancer risk
6. Inactivity and obesity
7. Many microbes including bacteria and viruses can promote cancer
8. Chemicals. Some preservatives may reduce risk. Nitrites increase risk. Pollution often increases risk
9. Radiation
Controlling risk
1. Stop smoking
2. Control weight
3. Exercise
4. UV protection (sunblock, avoid sunburn especially in children)
5. Screening

Chapter 17. Immunity and Infection
1. The immune system is the body's many-layered protection system. Includes:
  1. Various types of white blood cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes, ingest foreign cells
  2. Inflammation (histamine) increases blood flow, attracts white blood cells
2. Stages
  1. Recognition of foreign cells
  2. Killer cells attack
  3. Immunity (killer cells primed to attack the next time)
3. Vaccinations promote recognition
4. Allergy is histamine over-response
5. Causes of disease
  1. Bacteria (single-celled organisms) cause diseases such as pneumonia (pneumococcus) which inflames lungs, meningitis inflames the meninges or lining of the brain and spinal cord, strep throat (streptococcus), staphylococcus or "staph" causes variety including Toxic Shock Syndrome, tuberculosis, Lyme disease, ulcers.
    1. Antibiotics are good treatment but not for viruses. Finish course of treatment. Take prescribed dose. Anything less lets stronger bacteria survive and develop antibiotic resistance.
  2. Viruses (simpler than cells, not alive). Cold (200 or so different types), flu (mutates rapidly), chicken pox and other herpesviruses, viral hepatitis (liver inflammation) and warts
    1. Few drugs, although some drugs are being developed.
  3. Fungi (primitive plants) cause rashes and itches such as yeast infection, athlete's foot, jock itch
  4. Others such as protozoa (other single-celled organisms), worms and prions (sub-protein molecules)
6. Emerging infectious diseases. Long overcome in US, now re-emerging. Causes of re-emergence include:
  1. Drug resistance
  2. Poverty
  3. Poor public health - sanitation, treated water, poor vaccination
  4. Environmental degradation
  5. Increased travel opens up non-immune populations
  6. Food transport
  7. Human behavior - widespread use of injected drugs increases risk from contaminated needles
7. Immune disorders
  1. Cancer
  2. Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythmatosus
8. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
  1. AIDS, caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection, then degrading of immune system, lives in bodily fluids, transmitted by exchange of bodily fluids (blood supply in US is protected). Early detection is helpful. No cure yet, but a combination of treatments can control infection. Drugs interfere with virus life cycle. Highly preventable - "safe sex."
  2. Chlamydia, a bacterium, treated with antibiotics
  3. Gonorrhea on the rise. Treated with antibiotics.
  4. Hepatitis B (inflammation of liver) caused by virus. Vaccination effective.
  5. Syphilis, caused by bacterium. Can cause severe damage, Treated with antibiotics.
  6. Many others.
  7. Treatment is asking, knowing the symptoms, early treatment