Agenda 4 for February 5

Courses Wayne State University College of Urban, Labor, and Metroplolitan Affairs (CULMA) Department of Interdisciplinary Studies (DIS) Computers and Society courses, Winter 2003 (Bowen) at blackboard.wayne.edu Wednesdays, 6 - 9:40 PM in Computer Classroom 16 at WACC Computers and Society GST 2710, Section 986, CRN 25072, 4 credits Computers and Society AGS 3360, Section 986, CRN 25009, 4 credits Office hours: Wednesdays 5 - 6 PM at WACC	Instructor
	David R. Bowen 2311 A/AB Wayne State University Detroit, MI 48202	Daytime tel: (313) 577-1498 Evening tel: (248) 549-8518 FAX: (313) 577-8585 Home Page: http://www.cll.wayne.edu/isp/drbowen Email: d.r.bowen@wayne.edu

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Last updated: 2/5/03

Fourth class: Agenda 4
Wednesday February 5

Quiz 1. After the quiz, class will resume at 6:35 PM.
Announcements:
1. Quiz 1 at the beginning of class tonight.
2. Reminder: sign in at the beginning of class; sign out at the end. The online form is on the course BlackBoard web site at http://blackboard.wayne.edu.
3. Also, while you are on the course web site, update your course information using the External Link "Course information." You will identify yourself by First Name, Last Name, and Password. Your names should be as they are with WSU; see me if you have questions about spelling. Your initial password on this system is your AccessID; you can change it as part of updating your information. To enable online grade reports, change "GradeReports" from No to Yes.
4. Online grade reports are working. Under External Links, choose "Online Grade Reports." If you have enabled grade reports for yourself, you can see your grades by entering your first name, last name and Password (see C above).
5. Miss a class? Get the handouts from the course web site and read them, contact me for questions. If you need a review, I am here for office hours, 5 - 6 PM or make an appointment if you need more time. Changes to the course web site on BlackBoard. All of the course documents, at least for the time being, are now under "External Links," not under "Course Documents."
6. Third (last) notice: changes in syllabus (Syllabus has been changed on line to show these)
  1. Your personal web page on the course web site. Do not include anything in your personal web page that you do not want public. Examples of what could go on your personal web page are: your name, your picture (from the course photo album or elsewhere), favorite saying, about this course, about College in general, about your family and friends, pets, pet peeve, favorite band / songs / movie, etc. The web page will be due on March 26. We will go over how to make your personal web page during the next class on February 12.
  2. A 3-to-4 page essay on one of the chapters LIF, PRV, IPE or INT in Computers, Society and Technology is due on April 23. The essay should have a Heading, Title, Introduction and Conclusion, and should have content based on the Chapter, any information that you want to bring in from your existing knowledge (this is NOT a research paper) and your own opinion or conclusions. The Heading should contain (a) Course and Semester, (b) your name, and (c) the Chapter you have chosen to write on.
7. I will be taking pictures again for the course web site. This is not a requirement of the course.
Passbacks and comments. So far, the assignments are not coming in on time, except for a few people. Also, the Assignments always include some problems directly on the Agenda and some problems from Computers, Technology, and Society. Many people have been skipping the problems from the book, which gets a very low grade. The grade can be raised by adding the problems from the book, and turning everything back in together.
Topics we will cover in class tonight:
1. Binary: review converting decimal to binary, then (new) number of values that can be represented in n bits, highest and lowest values
2. Representing colors and graphics in a computer
3. Representing text in a computer
4. What do the bits inside a computer represent?
5. Five main types of computers
6. Files - path, parts of a path, extension. Hierarchical file system. URL - method, server, path
7. Making folders using Windows Explorer
8. Starting and using Windows Explorer - also getting to see file extensions, and file paths
9. Word processing using Microsoft Word
10. Fonts and font types
11. Functions of a word processor
12. Selection in Windows, "Typing replaces selection"
13. Difference between Save and Save As...
Binary
1. Converting decimal to binary
  1. Write down powers of 2 in decimal that are not greater than the number to be converted (Example: in converting 35, list 2⁰ = 1, 2¹ = 2, 2² = 4, 2³ = 8, 2⁴ = 16, 2⁵ = 32, and stop there because 64 is greater than 35.)
  2. Start from the largest power of 2 and work you way all of the way down to 1. Starting with the largest, compare it to the number to be converted. If the number to be converted is larger than or equal to the power of 2, write down the power of 2 in binary, and subtract the power of 2 from the number to be converted; this is the new number to be converted. Otherwise go to the next lower power of 2 without writing down the power of 2 in binary.
  3. Continue through the powers of 2. At the end, add up all of the binary numbers that you have written down. The result is the number converted to binary. Since decimal to binary conversion offers more chances for mistakes, and binary to decimal is so simple, I recommend checking a decimal to binary conversion by converting the result back to binary. If the two binary numbers are the same, you can be confidant of your result.
2. Number of values in n bits = 2ⁿ, with the lowest value being all 0s = 0, and the highest value being all 1s = 2ⁿ - 1. These formulae will be given on quizzes and exams, but you will need to know how to use them (for example, 2ⁿ is not the same as 2 × n)
Representing graphics in a computer.
1. Basics. How does a computer represent colors? Monitors, and most color printers, represent colors by combining various intensities of the three primary colors Red, Green and Blue (RGB). The intensity of each of the three is a number from zero to 255. How many bits? How many shades? Zero is none of that shade, and 0, 0, 0 is black. 255 is the maximum intensity, and 255, 255, 255 is white. The result is a 256³ different shades, or slightly over 16 million different colors. The screen or page is divided into dots or pixels (picture cells - get it?) and each pixel has a shade given by its own R, G and B codes. A typical screen these days is 1280 pixels wide and 1024 pixels high, and so requires 3 × 1280 × 1024 ~ 4 MB of storage. Since this is such a large amount of storage, graphics are often stored with lesser color resolution. Here are a few (you do not need to memorize these):
  1. Black and white, say black = 0 and white = 1. One bit per pixel, not three bytes.
  2. Grayscale. R = G = B, one byte per pixel. Black and white photo quality
  3. 8-bit color: 1 byte per pixel. 256 different colors.
  4. 16-bit color (sometimes called High Color): 2 bytes per pixel. 65536 colors.
  5. 24-bit color (True Color): 3 bytes per pixel. 16,777,216 colors. High quality color.
  6. 32-bit color. Some graphics programs are now advertising 32 bit color. I do not believe that this changes the number of colors that can be displayed or printed.
2. Graphics hardware. Your computer has a "graphics adapter" to produce and store the bitmap sent to the monitor. If your graphics adapter has limited memory, it may not generate all of the 16 million colors that the monitor could display. Modern graphics adapters, however, have more than adequate memory. You can still restrict the number of on-screen pixels and colors through software using Start > Control Panel > Display > Settings. The maximum number of pixels and colors are limited by the hardware on the graphics adapter.
3. Graphics files. There are two basic formats for graphics files: Bitmap and Vector.
  1. A bitmap format stores a color code for each pixel, starting at the upper left corner, proceeding left across the top row, then left to right for the second row, and so forth, ending in the bottom right corner of the picture. There are many schemes for compressing the file size. For example, the "gif" format, popular because of the web, uses Run Length Limiting or RLL compression. In this scheme, a string of pixels of the same color is represented by the code for the first pixel, followed by the number of subsequent pixels with the same color. This scheme works very well for "poster-style" graphics with large fields of the same color. Alternately, the "jpg" format stores codes for a color gradient, which is a sequence of pixels with a uniform color shift from pixel to pixel. This format is very good for photographs, with shading. Most printers, including laserjet and inkjet, also use a bitmap format.
    1. The size of a bitmap graphic file can be found using the following formula (this formula will be given to you on quizzes and exams, but you need to know how to use it:
      File size in bytes = Height (in) × Width (in) × (Pixels per inch)² × (Bytes per Pixel) /
      (Compression factor). You do not actually need to know which dimension is the height and which is the width, since the product is the same both ways.
    2. Pixels per inch is typically 50 to 150 for monitors, and 300 to 1200 for printers.
    3. Example 1: Find the bytes needed to store a 2" × 3" grayscale graphic at 100 pixels per inch, with a compression factor of 3.
    4. Example 2: Find the bytes sent to the printer for a 4" × 5" True Color graphic at 600 dpi (dots per inch).
  2. A vector format stores codes for graphical objects such as circles, square, and so forth, with information on size, location, color, line thickness and so forth. Example: '4" 5" picture, white background, hollow black 3-inch square drawn with ¼" line thickness, drawn with the upper-left corner 1' down from the top and 1½" from the left edge.' A vector file must always be translated to a bitmap in order to be displayed on the screen or printed with a typical printer.
  3. Comparisons: Bitmaps work well only for their original size. Scaling or redrawing bitmaps at larger or smaller sizes causes loss of resolution and distortion. In contrast, a vector format graphic redraws the bitmap every time it is scaled, so the picture quality does not degrade due to scaling. But, bitmap graphics can have a higher quality on the screen, because a human editor can improve the bitmap "by hand," while the vector file draws the bitmap automatically, and the bitmap cannot be tweaked. So, bitmap graphics can ultimately have a higher quality.
Representing text in a computer. Last class we went over the ASCII code. But wait! There is more! ASCII, ANSI and Unicode.
1. The ASCII code has 128 characters (one more than we will use in this course) from 0 to 127; 32 non-printing control codes, codes 0 through 31, and then 96 printing characters, codes 32 through 127. How many bits does it take to represent this many codes? Answer: _____
2. Some applications, namely Internet email, use just this many bits, but most applications use 1 byte = 8 bits, resulting in 256 codes from _____ to _____? What are the codes above 127 used for? In "extended ASCII" these are graphics codes for shapes. There were used by earlier IBM/Intel computers for drawing boxes and similar shapes on the screen, using monospacing characters. But now Windows can draw graphics directly using bitmaps, so the high-order text codes use the ASNI (American National Standards Institute, the group promulgating this standard) code. ANSI = ASCII for the low-order codes 0 - 127, and the higher codes are characters in foreign languages, mainly European languages (ç and è, for example). Windows uses the ANSII code instead of ASCII.
3. With the internationalization of computers, many more characters are needed. "Unicode" represents each character by 2 bytes, resulting in 65,536 codes. This is apparently almost enough codes to represent all of the major alphabets, and is the new recommended standard. The first codes are the ANSI codes, followed by other alphabets. Windows supports Unicode as well as ANSI.
4. In Chapter 5, Computers, Technology and Society mentions EBCDIC, which used to be important, but EBCDID will not be part of this course.
What do the bits (data) inside a computer represent? So far, the bits inside a computer can represent numbers, colors and characters. Later we will add two more types: sounds and computer instructions. Some people say that the bits are numbers, and the numbers can be used as codes for the other types of data ("number-centric"). I take an alternate approach, "equal time," that the bits inside a computer are symbols. A symbol is something that stands for something else. The computer does not "know" what the bits inside it represent; numbers, colors, characters, sounds or instructions. Who does know? Answer: the human(s) who wrote the computer program that you are using now. In one program, the bits can represent one type of information, but in another program those same bits can represent another type.
Five main types of computers. Computers, Technology, and Society lists four in Chapter 1; I am adding a fifth. First, the four from Computers, Technology, and Society.
1. Microcomputer. A small computer suitable for a single person. Examples: desktop, laptop, PDA. But microcomputers are so powerful today (processor and networking speed, memory and storage capacity) that similar computers can be used as web servers, sharing web pages over the Internet, and file servers, sharing files over a netowrk.
2. Minicomputer. A larger computer suitable for a small business or a department in a large company, serving hundreds of users, sharing files and printers, and storing central information such as personnel and financial accounts, and client or patient information.
3. Mainframe. A large computer serving thousands of users, suitable for a large corporation or government. Performs the same functions as a minicomputer.
4. Supercomputer. A very large and fast computer, optimized for high-speed computing. Used for predicting the weather, digital imaging such as is used on computer animation, engineering techniques such as CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) and FEA (Finite Element Analysis) and simulating molecules in chemistry and biology. The microcomputer of today is as powerful as the supercomputers of one to two decades ago.
5. Embedded computer. "The computer that is not a computer." These are the processors inside a wide variety of devices, such as digital clocks watches, digital cameras, radios and TVs with digital tuners, VCRs and video storage/replay devices (e.g. Tivo), digital thermostats and appliances, and your car, to name only a few. Embedded computers generally do not have screens, keyboards or hard drives. Since we are in Detroit, the use in cars and other vehicles is of special interest. The engine and transmission today are controlled by one or more processors. For the engine, the microprocessor measures the amount of air in the cylinder ("stepping on the gas" is really "stepping on the air"), calculates the matching amount of fuel, fires the fuel injector to deliver that amount of fuel, and decides when to fire the park plug. Without the level of control offered by the microprocessor, it would be impossible to meet emission and mileage standards in a car that had any kind of performance at all.
Computer systems and software
1. Right drag - in Windows Explorer, you can right-drag (drag using the right mouse button) a file from one location to another. When you let up on the button, you get a menu with choices of Copy, Move, Make shortcut or Cancel. (Microsoft Office 2000 Professional WIN98 Pp2.21 and 2.2.)
2. Windows basics (continued)
  1. Multitasking and multiprocessing - running more than one program at the same time.
    1. Double click on the time in the tray (bottom-right corner of the screen). This will open up the clock window.
    2. Start Microsoft Word.
    3. Arrange the screen so that you can see both windows at once.
    4. Make Word the active window by clicking anywhere in it, and start typing while watching the clock. What do you see?
    5. This is multitasking - having two or more programs running "at the same time." Multitasking is done by the operating system (here, Windows) and is accomplished by switching the microprocessor between the programs hundreds of times each second. So it only seems as if more than one program is running at the same time.
    6. Multiprocessing uses more than one processor, and can truly run more than one program at the same time.
  2. Windows usually gives you several methods for doing anything. For example, to close or exit from a program, you can do any one of the following:
    1. Click the program's Close Box (X) in its upper right corner
    2. Choose the menu item File, and then Exit
    3. In some cases, <Ctrl>Q (means to hold down the <Ctrl> key and tap Q while <Ctrl> is down.
3. Files
  1. What is a file?
    1. Collection of related information
    2. Exists in secondary (permanent) storage (files downloaded over the Internet, email or other network do not exist in secondary storage unless and until you save them).
    3. Has a name - filename and extension: filename.ext, at least in Windows. (Macintosh computers do not use file extensions.)
    4. Wildcards -- ? stands for any one character. * stands for any number of characters (including zero characters). For example, *.exe stands for a file with any name and an extension of exe. In Microsoft Excel, there are several file types, whose extensions start with xl. This can be indicated by *.xl*
    5. The filename identifies (or should) the content of the file for you, the user. When saving a file, Windows applications will propose a filename, but you should usually change this to describe the content for you, such as "SyllabusW03.htm"
    6. The extension, in Windows, tells the system which application created the file, and what type of file it is. Examples: *.doc is document produced by Microsoft Word, *.xls is a spreadsheet produced by Microsoft Excel, *.htm or *.html is a web page, and so forth. When saving a file, Windows applications will propose an extension. Do not change this proposed or default extension, or you may have trouble finding and opening the file.
  2. In Windows, you work with files directly using Windows Explorer (not Internet Explorer). Microsoft puts Windows Explorer in different places. Start Windows Explorer as follows (Windows 2000): use Start > Programs > Accessories, then look for an icon that is a file folder with a blue magnifying glass on top (). If there is a double-down arrowhead () at the bottom of the Programs list, that means that Windows is hiding seldom-used items, and you should either (a) wait briefly until Windows decides to show all items, or (b) click on the down arrow to force showing all items immediately. (In earlier versions of Windows, Windows Explorer is under Start > Windows.)
    1. By default, Windows Explorer hides most extensions from you, but in this course you will want to see the extensions. To raise the stakes, all applications follow the settings of Windows Explorer. Here is how to make Windows Explorer (and the other applications) show you file extensions:
      1. Choose the menu item Tools > Folder Options > View
      2. Make sure that "Hide extensions for known file types" is unclicked
      3. For this course, I also recommend having "Display the full path in the address bar" and "Display the full path in the title bar" clicked.
      4. To apply these settings to all folders, click the "Apply to All Folders Button" (recommended for this course). Click the <OK> button
  3. Hierarchical file system. ("Hierarchical" means "like an outline," and with respect to files, refers to the existence of folders, sub-folders, sub-sub folders etc.)
    1. Directories / folders. A directory can contain files and other directories (sub-directories), while a file contains data. Does a folder contain data? Only indirectly, in its files. The direct answer is, "No, a folder does not contain data."
    2. Tree
    3. Path - drive, folder(s), file name, extension
      1. Root directory
      2. Examples:
        C:\
        C:\STUDENTS
        C:\STUDENTS\SECT571
      3. "Path" means path to a file, including the directory and file name. Example:
        C:\STUDENTS\SECT571\PROSPECTUS.WPS
      4. The tree in the figure above represents the path C:\Comp&Soc\CASW03\www2\Dum\Signin.txt
      5. Windows Explorer will also show you the path - Tools > Folder Options > View then make sure that "Display the full path in the address bar" and "Display the full path in title bar" are both checked, then tap the <OK> key
      6. Local drives Vs Network drives. Local drives are physically attached to your computer, while network drives are on another computer, accessed through a network connection.
    4. The path and tree are different representations of the same information
    5. On exams, you will often be given a path to save a file to. "Walk the path" from left to right - drive, folder(s), then lastly the file.
    6. Web URL - Universal Resource Locator, for example
      http://www.cll.wayne.ed/isp/drbowen/casw03/welcome.htm
      - Parts are method, Domain Name (of web server computer), path and file
  4. Making folders on a floppy diskette using Windows Explorer
    1. Insert a floppy diskette into the diskette drive.
      1. The writing ("HD") is on on the top of the diskette. The metal door is on the front of the diskette. Put the diskette into the topside up and front first.
      2. Push firmly until the computer takes the disk in the rest of the way. If the diskette sticks, do not force it.
    2. If Windows Explorer is on the taskbar, click on its button to make it active. If not, open it from Start > Programs > Accessories
    3. In the Folders window on the left, scroll up and find the A: icon, and click on it to select it.
    4. Use the File > New menu item and select Folder.
    5. Type a name for your new Folder, for example MyFirstFolder.
    6. Make a sub-folder as follows:
      1. Double-click on the icon for your new folder to open it. (Clicking on the letters is apt to start the process for changing the name, which will be confusing.)
      2. Use the File > New > Folder menu item and type a name for your new sub-folder.
    7. Notice that the sub-folder is inside the first folder.
      1. How would you make a new top-level folder?
      2. How would you make a sub-sub folder?
      3. How would you make a new sub-folder at the same level as your first sub-folder?
    8. If you get something wrong, don't take the long way of deleting everything and starting over - just drag the folder to where you want it. Practice this now by making a new folder on your floppy diskette and dragging it to another location on the floppy diskette. For example, make a subfolder and drag it to the top level, or make a top level folder and drag it inside another folder. You can do the same thing with files. Dragging from one disk to another copies, unless you hold down the <alt> key while dragging, in which case it moves (deletes the original).
4. Overview of word processing using MS Word. Word Processing is for managing text.
  1. Microsoft Word should still be open; if so, activate it. Otherwise, open Microsoft Word using Start > Programs > Word.
  2. File menu handles files as a whole. Open, save, print
  3. Text creation or entry: making new text. Done with the keyboard in the document window
  4. Edit - change text, including its order. Cut, Copy, Paste, Find, Replace
  5. Select text by dragging over it, or click at one end of selection (beginning or end) then use arrow keys with <Shift> key down to move selection or click at other end (end or beginning) with <Shift> key down
  6. Format - change the appearance of text
    1. Font - applies to individual letters
      1. Serif (for example, Times Roman or Courier) Vs San Serif (for example, Arial)
      2. Monospacing (all letters the same width, for example Courier) Vs Proportional (i is narrow, w is wide, for example Times Roman)
      3. True Type - print is the same as the screen. Either the font listing has a "TT" icon in front of it, or "New" in the name, or both. Example, Courier New, Times New Roman (Microsoft)
    2. Paragraph - applies to whole paragraph. Line spacing, indent, outdent or hanging
      1. "Weaker" methods are Space Bar and Tab for centering, indenting, etc.
      2. Start a new line with <Enter> key, but start a new page with Insert / Break... / Page break, or better yet by grouping text to be kept together. to do this, start a new page if break will come in the middle. Select text that is to be kept on the same page, then use Format / Paragraph... / Line and Page Breaks then select both Keep lines together and Keep with next, then click "OK."
  7. Tools - automate actions, such as Spell Check and Grammar Check, Auto Correct - can be turned on and off item by item. Also configure Word for the way you want it to work - Tools / Customize... and Tools / Options...
  8. Type some text, a line or so.
  9. Selection in Windows - selecting an object or section for action. Drag over SOME of your text to select it.
    1. "Typing Replaces Selection" is the default. With some of your text selected, and while watching the screen all the time, type something on the keyboard. What happened to your selection?
    2. You can change "Typing Replaces Selection in Tools > Options > Edit. Click or unclick "Typing Replaces Selection," then click OK.
    3. Auto correction is another feature that you may want to control. This makes corrections as you type, without notice. To change how this option works, use Tools > AutoCorrect...
  10. Save and Save As... Make sure you have some text in the Microsoft Word document window.
    1. Save Vs Save As... - Save repeats the last Save As..., use Save As... whenever you want to change the path (drive, folder, name)
  11. More about using Word
    1. Select some text by dragging over it with the mouse. The selected text is "highlighted" -- shown in reverse colors. This is the normal Windows signal that something is selected for further action.
    2. Copy the selected text to the Windows "clipboard" (a virtual holding location for data) by selecting the Edit / Copy menu item. Alternate action: <Ctrl>C.
    3. Move the insertion point (the "I-Beam" cursor) to another point in the document. Copy the selection into this document using the menu item Edit / Paste. Alternate action: <Ctrl>V
    4. Save the new version using the diskette icon on the Word toolbar. Alternate action: Use the menu item File / Save.
    5. Save the new version under a new name using the menu item File / Save As... Check that the save location is still the floppy diskette (A:) and type in a new file name, changing the name but not the extension. (Depending on how your computer is set up, you may not see the extension. If you cannot see the extension, you cannot change it anyway.
    6. The difference between Save and Save As...:
      1. Save repeats the last Save As... - drive, folders, name, extension and file type
      2. Use Save As... to change any one or more of the above items in Save.
    NOTE 1: To move text, "Cut" it first, then paste it in the new location.
    NOTE 2: Using Cut / Copy and Paste, you can move or copy a selection within a document as well as between documents. You can also move or copy between applications, such as between a word processing document and a spreadsheet.
    NOTE 3: Use File Save... in the following circumstances: (a) the first time you save a new document (if you choose File / Save the first time, you will actually get File / Save As...), (b) When you want to change the name, location or file format of the file (the original copy will continue to exist) or (c) when you want to double-check the name, location or file type (select Save As..., check that everything is the way you want, then click Cancel). Later, we will even cut/copy and paste files from one drive to another, and parts of graphics, too. Cut/Copy and Paste is very general and easy to use in Windows.
    NOTE 4: To move text within the same document, you may prefer "Drag 'n Drop. to use Drag 'n Drop, you first select the text to be moved by dragging the mouse over it, then release the mouse button, then click and hold. A small box should appear beneath the mouse icon. This is the sign that you can now drag the text to the desired location.
    1. Close your file but leave Word open.
      1. In the upper right corner of the Word window, there are two sets of controls. Click on the lower "X" to close your file.
    2. Close Word by clicking on the upper "X"
5. Word processors in general
  1. The primary function of a word processor is to manage text or words. This includes:
    1. Entering, moving, deleting and copying text
    2. Formatting, or changing the appearance of text as to alignment (centering etc.); orientation such as horizontal and vertical; font face, size and attributes such as bold and italic; formatting paragraphs such as indenting, skipping lines before and after, and changing the line space
    3. While-file operations such as saving documents in a file, opening an existing file and saving a file with a different path (file, folders, name).
  2. Common "extra" functions include
    1. Writer's aids such as spell check and grammar check
    2. Adding graphics, either from a file or by a drawing tool
    3. Customizing letters for a group of people (Mail Merge)
    4. Importing and exporting to other word processor formats and to and from HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language, or web format)
Lab 3. Read the following steps all the way through before starting.
1. In Microsoft Office 2000 Professional, do Word Tutorial 2 (Maroon corners, pages WD 2.02 through WD 2.32). If you are going to do this outside of this lab, make sure that you know which pages to work on before you leave class tonight. Do not print out your document until you have completed the additional steps below.
2. In this tutorial, you modify an existing file, Annuity.doc (when you are finished, you will save the file with another name). You can get the file to start from either:
  1. from the CD-ROM that comes with the book
  2. by downloading from the GST2710 web site. Start a web browser, go to the course BlackBoard web site, go to External Links, click on "Lab and Homework files," scroll down to "File downloads" and click on the link for "Annuity.doc." At this point, things can go several different ways:
    1. You may be asked to save the file. Save it to your floppy diskette (A:\).
    2. The file may open directly in Word (check on the title bar). Use File > Save As... to save it to your floppy diskette. At this point, since the file is open in Word, you can skip the directions for opening the file, or close Word after saving and follow all directions. In any case, also close your web browser.
    3. The file may open in your web browser (check the title bar). Use File > Save As... to save it to your floppy diskette. Make sure that the extension is .doc (the default for a web browser is .htm or .html), or use Windows Explorer afterwards to correct the file name to be Annuity.doc DO NOT try to edit the file in your web browser; it does not have all of the capabilities of Word.
    4. You may be give a choice between saving and opening. If the "Open" choice is not Word but your web browser, choose save (the potential difficulty with the extension makes this a bad choice). Otherwise, choose the one you prefer. DO NOT try to edit the file in your web browser; it does not have all of the capabilities of Word.
3. At the top of your document, put a line with:
  1. Your name
  2. This Assignment (Lab 1)
  3. Your location (Rackham)
  4. The full path (drive, any folders, and filename) that you saved the file with.
4. After this information, but before your letter, start a new page using the menu item Insert / Break... / Page break
5. Save the file to your floppy diskette. DO NOT SAVE TO THE My Documents FOLDER as you are instructed in the book.
6. Print out a copy of your file, staple the pages together, and turn in this copy, by the start of the next class. This should include the top line with your name on it. You can print using either:
  1. The printer icon on the toolbar
  2. The menu item File / Print, then click OK on the "Print" dialog.
7. As a result of your work in this lab, you should be able to do the following under test conditions:
  1. Start Word, beginning with the computer off.
  2. Open an existing file
  3. Saving a document under another name
  4. Using spell and grammar check
  5. Moving the insertion point
  6. Use "select" then "do" - delete, move by dragging, cut, copy, paste, moving by cut and paste
  7. Undo and redo
  8. Find and replace
  9. Formatting - document margins; paragraph line spacing, alignment, indenting; using format painter; bulleted and numbered lists; font or character formatting and attributes (bold, underline, italics)
  10. Saving, previewing and printing
  11. Exit Word
8. To practice these without the detailed directions in the Tutorial, look at the Review Assignment and Case Problems on Pages WD 2.33 through 2.37. Some of the Case Problems start from scratch, while other start from existing files. Existing files can be found as in B.2 above.
Don't forget to Sign Out!
Turning your computer off
1. Save any files that you have worked on during the class and still have open
2. Click on "Start" then Shut Down...
3. Make sure that "Shut down the computer" is selected and click "Yes"
4. Wait for the dialog "It is now safe to turn off your computer.", then turn off the power using the red switch under the desktop.

Assignment 5, due in class February 12. Please label your work "Assignment 5."

A page of text contains about 5,000 characters, and a floppy diskette has a capacity of 1.44 MB (about 1,440,000 bytes).
1. How many pages of text can fit onto a floppy diskette using ANSI coding? (Hint: how many bytes per page of text?)
2. How many pages of text can fit onto a floppy diskette using Unicode?
A typical graphic file format for the World Wide web (*.gif) has 75 pixels per inch and a color depth of one byte per pixel. Find the file size for a 1" x 2" graphic in this format, with a compression ratio of 10 to 1.
When printing a graphic file, there are about 300 pixels per inch for a laser printer, either color or black/white. For a 4" by 6" photo in True Color, how many bytes must be sent to the printer?
In Computers, Technology, and Society, read Chapter 4 and answer the following Review questions on Pp 4-37 and following: 4, 5, 6 and 7.