Courses Wayne State University College of Lifelong Learning Interdisciplinary Studies Program Computers and Society courses, Winter 2001     ( http://www.cll.wayne.edu/isp/drbowen/casw01) Mondays, 6 - 9:40 PM in 113 Rackham Computers and Society     GST 2710, Section 988, Call Number 95241, 4 credits Computers and Society     AGS 3360, Section 983, Call Number 98319, 4 credits Office hours: Mondays 4 - 6 PM in 113 Rackham	Instructor
	David R. Bowen 2311 A/AB Wayne State University Detroit, MI 48202	Daytime tel: (313) 577-1498 Evening tel: (248) 549-8518 FAX: (313) 577-8585 Home Page:     http://www.cll.wayne.edu/isp/drbowen Email: d.r.bowen@wayne.edu

Last updated: 2/12/01
Link back to course Welcome...

Fifth class: Agenda
Monday February 12

1. Quiz 4
2. Handouts
   1. Agenda
3. Passbacks
   1. Quiz 3
   2. Assignments and Labs (as ready). Some of the handwriting on these was very hard for me to read. In such cases, I can never be sure that I have read it correctly. If your handwriting is hard to read (for example, very loopy cursive), from now on answer the questions in Word and turn in a print-out.
4. Reminders:
   1. Before you leave tonight, fill in the online Attendance (Signin) form on the course web site.
   2. If you miss a class, before the next class you should go to the course web site (the URL is in the upper left-hand corner of every handout) and review the Agenda for that class, then contact me if you have questions. Assignments and quiz topics are listed on the Agenda.
   3. If you need to make up a Quiz, or ask questions, or whatever, my office hours are time set aside for this. These times are Mondays and Wednesdays, 4 - 6 PM, in 113 Rackham (the classroom).
      
      If these times do not work for you, contact me to make other arrangements.
      
      I will not let you start a Quiz if the full half hour is not available before the start of the Monday night (I teach that one, of course) or Wednesday night (someone else teaches that one) class - both start a 6 PM, so 5:30 PM is as late as you can start a Quiz.
5. Announcements:
   1. If you are having trouble with any of the topics listed below, there is will be (within the next few days) a link on the course web site to some animations of these being carried out, with explanations to go along.
      1. Binary addition and multiplication
      2. Parts of a path
      3. Parts of a URL

      The course web site is at http://www.cll.wayne.edu/isp/drbowen/casw01
      
      Of course, for binary addition and multiplication, and converting from binary to decimal or decimal to binary, you can also see the Oline Math Tutor at http://www.cll.wayne.edu/olmt

   2. The following people have filled in the online Course Information form. If your name is NOT on this list, please fill in the form on the course web site.
      1. Susan Bjorklund (on AGS 3360 class list)
      2. Lorey Bray (on GST 2710 class list)
      3. Shonda Brown (not on either class list - are you registered?)
      4. Angelina Canty (on AGS 3360 class list)
      5. Duane Cooper (on GST 2710 class list)
      6. Angell Cyars (on GST 2710 class list)
      7. Rhonda Dalton (on GST 2710 class list)
      8. Michael Hyman (on GST 2710 class list)
      9. Satoya McCray (on GST 2710 class list)
      10. Wanda Mitchell (not on either class list - are you registered?)
      11. William Myles (on GST 2710 class list)
      12. Caprice Nathan (on GST 2710 class list)
      13. Sharon Patton (on GST 2710 class list)
      14. Alfonso Strong (not on either class list - are you registered?)
      15. Tonya Thomas (on GST 2710 class list)
      16. Jackie Webster (on GST 2710 class list)
      17. Charlene Wise (on GST 2710 class list)
      18. Corey Wright (on GST 2710 class list)
6. Review of Quiz 3
   1. Still some problems with the parts of a path and a URL
   2. Binary problems done well
7. The parts of a URL. After thinking about the questions of, "Why can't we just put down 'domain' instead of 'domain name'?", I think that I need to require even more! This is not intended as punishment, but instead to make sure that you know the useful part. Here is is: the domain name is the "domain name of the web server." The web server is the central computer with the folders and the file that form the right-hand part of the URL.
   1. Not all parts of a URL have to be present. All can be missing at various times, but not all at once.
      1. Protocol: assumed to be http:// if it is missing
      2. Domain name of the web server assumed to be the same as the last time (during this session) if missing. Cannot be missing if this is the first URL since you have last opened the web browser.
      3. Folders: assumed to be the same as the last time if missing
      4. File: Assumed to be the "default file" if missing. The default file is set by the WebMaster (administrater) for that web server. I have set the default file for www.cll.wayne.edu, for which I am the Webmaster, to "helcome.htm," although a more normal choice is index.html.
      5. The shortest possible URL is "/", which means the default file in the root folder of the same web server as in the last URL.
8. The relationship between (a) the Hardware, (b) the Operating System and (c) Applications. There have been questions from several people that indicate that the differences between Microsoft Word and Microsoft Windows, for example, may not be clear. Many people use "Microsoft", "Word" and "Windows" as if they were all the same thing. Probably my fault for not being clear. So, part of the material for quizzes will now be how these terms all relate to each other. First off, "Microsoft" is the manufacturer of both "Word" and "Windows," just as GM is the manufacturer of both the Corvette and the Cadillac. Therefore, just saying "Microsoft" is usually ambiguous if you mean to refer to computer software. It is even worse for Microsoft than for GM, however; some parts are, no doubt, common between the Cadillac and the Corvetter, and some car fans may in fact know which ones. There are no common parts to speak of between Windows and Word, however. One more thing: just as we do not have to say, "General Motors Corvette" since "Corvette" will do just fine, we do not have to say "Microsoft Word" since "Word" will do just fine.
   
   Windows is an Operating System, and Word is an Application. Other Applications that you may be familiar with are Excel, Access, and Powerpoint. The current idea of an Operating System is that it is a software layer in between the Hardware and Applications, and that it handles the hardware for the Applications. Thus, when Word opens or saves a file, prints a file, takes input from the keyboard, makes a sound, sends or receives something from the Internet, or opens, prints in, resizes or closes a window, it tells the Operating System (Windows) to do that, and, for example, some details (such as how big a window to open). Then windows does it. Some of the basic dialogs common to many Applications are also furnished by Windows, such as Open, Save As..., Print, and so on.
   
   Many Applications can use the same Operating System, and often they can use it simultaneously (this is the case with Windows).
   
   The picture below presents the relationship between the Hardware, the Operating System and one Application in a graphic format.
   
   1. Windows has had version numbers 1.0, 2.0. 3.0, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, NT, 95, 98, 2000 and Me
   2. Word has had many varieties, including 6, 97 and 2000
   3. Notice that the version of the Operating System does not have to match the version of an Application; Word 97 will run fine on Windows 2000, and Word 2000 will run fine on Windows 98. There may be required versions for compatibility, however; these requirements are usually stated on the packaging for each applications.
9. User interfaces - the way the user controls what the computer does.
   1. The two major types (so far) are Command Line and GUI (Graphical User Interface). Many experts feel that the next type of user interface will be an Agent Interface. You will tell software "agents" what to do, and some may adjust themselves to how you work
      1. Command line usually has a prompt, at which the user types a command or other information on the keyboard. Usually only one way to get something done.
      2. GUI uses a mouse, trackball or other pointing device in addition to the keyboard. Usually has many alternatives for each action, such as use menus, use tool button or use keystroke. Example is Search or Find command:
         1. Menu item with mouse: Edit / Find
         2. Menu item with keyboard: <Alt>E then F (<Alt> gets to menu bar then select underlined letter on menu item)
         3. Keyboard: <Ctrl>F (shown on menu item as a reminder) 
         4. Button on toolbar  (may also be shown on menu item as a reminder)
   2. Levels of the GUI:
      1. Active elements such as
         1. Button
            1. Clickable, with action or picture on its face (e.g. "Open")
                   
            2. Toolbutton - quick selection of a menu item (same as the menu item) - can save precious time on Quizzes and Exams. Experiment with these - point the mouse to a button to see a pop-up message about what it does
               Example 1: File/ New (document); File / Open (file); File / Save;
               File / Print; Tools / Spelling and Grammar
               Example 2: Format / Font / Font:
               Format / Font / Size (can also type in a number even if it is not on the list); Format / Font / Font Style / Bold, then Italic than Underline; Format / Paragraph / Alignment then Right (lighter color indicates button is pressed and that style is selected), Center, Left and Justify
            3. Check box - check as many as you want
               
            4. Radio button - check only one in a group
               
         2. Spinner - can "spin" using up/down arrows, or click and type in number
            
         3. Menu (and sub-menus and so forth). "..." at the end means that there is more to do after choosing
            the menu element - means it is "safe" to choose it, nothing will happen right away
            
         4. Drop-down list - click on down arrow, select from menu that drops down
            
         5. Icon
            
         6. Text box - type in (default may be proposed by application)
            
      2. Dialog - a collection of active elements to accomplish a specific task such as saving a file (drive, folder, name, type). A dialog can have several "Tabs" or pages. In Windows, some common dialogs are:
         1. Save As...
         2. File / Open
            
      3. Wizard - a series of dialogs to accomplish a specific task
10. Information
    1. How much information can be stored in n bits?
       1. Lowest number that can be stored is zero
       2. Highest number that can be stored is 2ⁿ - 1
       3. Number of different values (codes) is 2ⁿ
       4. 2¹⁰ ~ 10³ = 1,000
    2. A byte - 8 bits. Computers usually handle data in bytes. How much information is this, or how many different codes?
    3. Sound files. Sound can be stored in and played by computers using a sound board (a piece of hardware plugged into the inside of the computer, possibly after it was purchased). How is this done?
       1. The sound waves go into a microphone input on the sound board, and the sound board converts the sound wave into a electronic signal or voltage wave, in just the same way that sound is recorded in a studio or tape recorder.
       2. The sound board measures voltage wave at very close or rapid time intervals, and the converts the measurements into numbers.
       3. The numbers are stored in the computer, in its RAM or on its hard drive or other disk.
       4. When we want to play the sound back, the numbers are pulled back out of storage, converted to voltages by the sound board, and fed into a speaker or set of earphones.

       The graphic below shows a sound wave being measured at several points (the small circles)
       

    4. The size of a sound file is detrmined by:
       1. Length of the sound in seconds
       2. Number of samples (measurements) per second, usually between 8,000 per second (tape recorder quality) and 40,000 per second (CD quality)
       3. Number of bytes used to store each measurement - 8 bits or one byte per sample for low quality, 16 bits or two bytes per sample for high quality
       4. Stereo is two independent sounds and so takes twice the storage.
       5. Compression factor (CF)

       The formula for the size of a sound file in bytes is (will be given on quizzes and exams if needed):
       File size in bytes = (length in seconds) × (samples / second) × (bytes / sample) × (2 if stereo, 1 if mono) / CF

       6. Example: A sound three seconds long, with 20,000 samples per second and 2 bytes per sample, in stereo, with a compression factor of 5, takes this many bytes:
          bytes = 3 × 20,000 × 2 × 2 / 5 = 48,000 bytes = 48 kB. A file this size could take a long time to download over the Internet. Originally, sound files download completely before playing. Streaming audio plays as it downloads, and so seems much faster to users.
    5. The table below summarizes the forms of computer information; we have not covered them all in class yet.
       

       Types of computer information	Subtypes	Examples
       Programs	Operating system	Windows95, Windows 98, Windows NT
       		Mac OS 8
       		Linux
       		Unix
       	Application	Word program
       		Excel program
       		Access program
       		Netscape program
       Data	System information	User Name and Password
       		Internet address
       		Network connection
       		Printer description
       		Icons, screen colors
       		Sound files - "The Windows Sound"
       	User information	Word processing document - mostly text
       		Spreadsheet document - text and numbers
       		Database document - text and numbers
       		Graphic file - can be animated
       		Sound file
       		Video - Graphics and sound together
       		Macro script - a small program written by a user, stored as a document, executed by the corrsponding application

11. More Windows basics - Windows Explorer and the hierarchical file system. Windows Explorer is the Windows tool of choice for managing files
    1. Open Windows (NT) Explorer (Start / Programs) and change its options to show all information
       1. Choose menu item View / Options and then the "View" tab at the top of the Options dialog
       2. Above the list box, make sure that "Show all files" is clicked
       3. Below the list box, make sure that "Display the full MS-DOS path in the title bar" is checked. This refers to the title bar on the right pane of Windows Explorer. If this is unchecked, Explorer shows only the final (lowest) folder name
       4. Make sure that "Hide MS_DOS file extensions for file types that are registered" is unchecked. Otherwise, Explorer does not show the file extension for most file names.
       5. Make sure that "Include description bar for right and left panes" is checked. Otherwise, Explorer does not show you what drives and folders you are looking at.
       6. Click OK. This puts your choices into effect.
    2. Make a new directory, C:\myname, where myname is your first name or nickname
       1. Make sure that the root folder or directory c:\ is selected - this path should appear on top of the right pane.
       2. Choose the menu item File / New, and then Folder. A new folder appears at the bottom of the right pane. Note that its name is highlighted (shown in reverse video).
          
          NOTE: In Windows, whenever an object or group of objects is highlighted, you can take an action on it, such as drag, delete, copy. Also be aware -- the Windows default is "typing replaces selection." This can be very convenient, but can also blow your hard work away. So BEWARE: do not leave objects selected for longer than is absolutely necessary, and be careful when something valuable is selected. If you do delete or otherwise mess up a selection, do not panic - there is usually, but not always, an "Undo" feature.
          
       3. Type in myname and tap <Enter>/<Return>. Notice that your typing replaces what was there. This is a standard Windows feature that you can turn off. The feature is called "Typing replaces selection" - whatever you type directly replaces whatever was selected.
    3. Use selection and Drag 'N Drop to copy and delete files
       1. Put the test diskette in the floppy drive
       2. In Explorer, click on the a: drive icon
       3. In the right pane, click on the file "copy1.txt". Notice that it is selected (highlighted)
       4. While holding down <Shift>, click on "copy5.txt". Which files are selected now?
       5. While holding down <Ctrl>, click on "globwarm.txt". How did that change the selection?
       6. Experiment with selection with no keys down, with <Shift> down, and with <Ctrl> down. Then go back to iii-v above to select all of the "copy" files and "globwarm.txt". Add "globwarm.doc" to the selection.
       7. Hold down <Ctrl> and click on "globwarm.txt"  to remove it from the selection. Experiment with removing and adding other files from the selection. End up with all of the "copy" files and "globwarm.doc" selected.
       8. Read this step all the way through before executing it. Click anywhere on the selected files, hold the mouse button down, and drag the selected files to the new directory you just made on the c: drive. Notice the "+" sign on the mouse icon as you move the files over. The "+" sign tells you that you are copying the files, leaving the original files as is, ending up with the original and new copies of the files. Without the + sign, you would be moving the files, and removing the original copies. When copying from one drive to another, "copying" is the default. (Default = option you get with no further action.) When copying from one folder to another, on the same drive, "moving" is the default. You can select the other option by holding down the <Alt> key as you act.
       9. In the new folder, select all of the "copy" files. Tap the "del" key. (Rackham: The PowerMac keyboard has two keys labeled as "Delete". One is the key at the upper right of the main keyboard group. The other is the lower left key in the group of six keys to the top right of the main keyboard group. The first of these is called "Backspace" on the normal PC keyboard. It deletes the character to the left of the insertion point. The second is called "Delete" on the normal PC keyboard and deletes the character to the right of the insertion point. In class, I will refer to these keys by their PC keyboard names.) Hit the "Delete" key. What happens to the selected files? Why should you be careful if a large amount of work is selected?
       10. In the new folder, double-click on "globwarm.doc" to open it in Word. Drag over some text to select it. Click on the selection, hold the mouse down, and drag the selection to a new location within the file. Don't like the new location? Choose the menu item Edit / Undo.
       11. Make a new selection of text. Type a single letter. What happened? (Typing replaces selection.) Choose the menu item Edit / Undo. Notice the difference between the mouse cursor and the insertion point (I-beam). Type a letter or two. Where does the typing appear -- at the mouse cursor or the insertion point? Click the mouse somewhere away from the insertion point. What happens to the insertion point? Experiment with moving the insertion point with the arrow keys.
       12. Make a new text selection. Tap <Delete>. How can you reverse this deletion?
    4. What will I expect you to be able to do using Windows (NT) Explorer under test conditions (this means that you know what they mean by name, and can carry them out quickly and efficiently):
       1. File: New (folder), Rename (alternately by single-clicking twice on the name itself and then editing the name using arrow keys, Backspace and Delete keys, typing and Typing Replaces Selection
       2. Edit: Cut, Copy and Paste (alternately using Drag 'N Drop)
       3. View: Options... (use to display extensions -affects all file viewing, including File Open, Save and Save As... in Office applications including Word, Excel and Access)
       4. Tools: Find / Files or Folders including Name & Location - * (wildcard), drive, name and extension - and Date Modified
       5. Sort files by name or (date) Modified
12. Lab 5. Read the following steps all the way through before starting.
    1. In New Perspectives On Microsoft Office 2000 Professional, do Word Tutorial 3 on pages WD 3.1 through WD3.42. The lab assignment is to edit and print out the file EverRipe.doc according the the directions throughout the Tutorial - in other words, start at the beginning of the tutorial and work your way through it. No other part of this tutorial is assigned.
    2. The file erRipe.doc which is the basis for this lab can be downloaded from the course web site using the link under Agenda 5. Alternately there are directions at the back of this book. If you are going to use the method in the back of the book, I recommend using the ISBN method, since I downloaded the wrong files using the title of the book. The ISBN can be found in the book on the page facing the Preface.
    3. Do NOT save the file to the location given in the book. Saveit to your floppy diskette instead.
       REMINDER: being able to control where you save your files to is part of this course! Make sure you can do this without looking at a book or notes!
    4. After you edit the file according to the directions, but before you turn in the edited document, at the top of your document, put a line with:
       1. Your name
       2. This Assignment (Lab 4)
       3. The course name (Computers and Society, GST 2710 or AGS 3360, Winter 2001
       4. The full path (drive, any folders, and filename) that you saved the edited file with.
    5. After this information, but before your letter, start a new page using the menu item Insert / Break... / Page break By starting a new page, the additional information will not interfere with the formatting you are asked to do during the editing.
    6. When you are done, print out a copy of your edited file, staple the pages together, and turn in this copy, by the start of the next class. This is your lab report. The printout should include the top line with your name on it. You can print using either:
       1. The printer icon on the toolbar
       2. The menu item File / Print, then click OK on the "Print" dialog.

Assignment 5. Please write or type "Assignment 5" on the work you turn in for this assignment.

1. If a sound file is 32 seconds long, has 25,000 samples per second, has 16-bit sound and is in stereo with a compression factor of 3.5, how big is the file?
2. What parts are present in the folowing URLs:
   1. /isp/drbowen/casw01
   2. /
   3. www.ibm.com
   4. /isp/drbowen/
3. In Computers, Technology, and Society, answer the following Review questions on Pp 5-38 and following: 3, 6, 7,and 13.

Quiz 5

There will be no Quiz 5 - we are done until the Midterm on March 19.